miRNA as Biomarkers in Forensic Body Fluids Identification

miRNA as Biomarkers in Forensic Body Fluids Identification miRNA profiling: What doesn't work for blood and pee recognizable proof Sarah S. Silva a, b, Teixeira, A.L b, MJ Carneiro de Sousa a,c and Medeiros, R.a, b a †ICBAS, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal b †Molecular Oncology gathering, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal c _ National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, North Branch, 4050-167 Porto, Portugal Dynamic In legal sciences, the ID of blood, semen or vaginal discharges can speak to a significant help for a criminal examination. They can be utilized as a wellspring of DNA yet in addition can hold, just by their essence, the most probative worth. During that time numerous approachs were utilized to distinguish them however totally introduced genuine disadvantage. Of late, mRNA flooded as a possible device for body liquid distinguishing proof yet their reasonableness were a genuine hindrance, much progressively articulated in criminological examples. Since 2009, miRNA profiling flooded as a potential instrument as a corroborative test in crime scene investigation because of their tissue explicit example of articulation. Dissimilar to mRNAs they are substantially more steady because of their legitimacies whose makes them less inclined to debasement forms. In this report, we contemplated the expressional examples of miR-127, miR-221 and RNU-48 out of 50 examples of pee and blood so as to characterize whether they could be utilized as biomarkers for pee or blood ID. Despite the fact that our point was to evaluate whether our miRNAs could be considered as biomarkers, we ran over 2 others fascinating ends: the effect of RNA virtue in miRNAs measurement and which miRNA can't be utilized as a standardization quality for blood and pee ID. Watchwords: miRNA profiling, Forensic, Serology, body liquids, organic biomarkers 1-Introduction Human body liquids are significant segments to depend on a criminal examination [1, 2]. Actually, a complainant’s body liquids present on things having a place with a suspect †or the other way around †holds the most probative worth. For instance, for a situation of a rape in a kid, where a DNA profile recuperated from the youngster bedding and clothing concur with his dad DNA profile, would we be able to consider his dad answerable for the rape? For a situation like this, it isn't sufficient to recoup a DNA profile however it is likewise basic to recognize its source. In the event that no serological test were done, in court, the nearness of DNA could be clarified because of the nearness of epithelial cells in the kid apparel which is absolutely basic when it originates from a kin. Then again, if serological tests connected the DNA profile to semen it would be far increasingly hard to clarify its quality there. Past the probative worth that body liquid may have in a wrongdoing scene, it is likewise critical to recognize them to upgrade conventions to direct a solid DNA profiling [3, 4]. For instance, DNA extraction forms are diverse for blood and pee. In the event that we directed the convention of blood extraction in pee tests it might bring about a decreased nature of the removed DNA e empower any decisive DNA profile [3, 4]. There is the reason, body liquids distinguishing proof is considered as significant advance in criminal examination. For a few, it appears to be anything but difficult to recognize body liquids, for example, blood (shading), pee (smell) or even sperm (surface) be that as it may, when dried, washed or blended in with different parts their ID may not be that simple [1]. It is imperative to feature that in court, there is nothing of the sort as â€Å"It is by all accounts sperm since it seemed as though it and have a similar specific texture†, it is required a certain confirmation that it is sperm. Serological test are utilized in legal science to permit the location and ID of body liquids in both local structure or as a buildup left at a wrongdoing scene. Serological tests are isolated in two significant fields: Presumptive and corroborative test. Hypothetical tests depend on techniques that are touchy and performed rapidly, yet they are not explicit to the body liquid. Those tests can possibly show if the liquids may be available and don't unequivocally expresses its essence. Then again, corr oborative tests are without a doubt explicit to the body liquid we try to distinguish. As hypothetical tests, corroborative testing is delicate in any case, it takes significantly additional time. Optimistically, we ought to have a battery of corroborative test for extremely significant body liquids so as to dependably distinguish and recognize them. Sadly, there is a huge group of hypothetical tests and far less of corroborative ones. Additionally, till date no corroborative test can dependably separate blood from menstrual blood which is a certainly significant body liquid in sexual cases. In the course of the most recent years, mRNA profiling turned into an objective for body liquid ID because of its tissue explicit examples. All things considered, mRNA powerlessness to debasement by physical or synthetic variables was an irrefutable disadvantage. So as to divert issue, miRNA flood with a genuine potential as a corroborative test. MiRNAs are little non-coding RNAs with pretty much than 22 nucleotides of length that, joined with the RNA-initiated quieting complex, appears to manage a significant piece of human quality (5 e 6 do meu artigo). In addition, their tight relationship with Argonaute proteins, they are significantly less susceptive to both biotic and abiotic factors. In 2009, Hanson and associates were the first to present miRNA profiling and soon enough others followed. Those examinations brought up a huge assortment of miRNAs with potential as biomarker, anyway not many were affirmed by more than one gathering which uncovered the absence of reproducibility o f results. In addition, when some attempted to reproduce the aftereffects of others, they fizzled. For this report, we decide to test four miRNAs in both blood and pee of 50 sound individual and study their conduct inside those body liquids. 2-Material and techniques We directed an articulation profiling of 50 solid people. The case bunch was created by Caucasian people with no major neurotic condition so as to eradicate a variable that could modify miRNAs profiles. Fringe venous blood (Xml) and pee were gathered from each subject after the acquisition of a composed educated assent from all subjects. After gathered the examples were handled. The examples were utilized for miRNAs extraction with GRS microRNA Kit (Grisp) as per the producers guidelines. Along these lines, miRNa priorly extricated were utilized as a format for cDNA union utilizing TaqMan ® MicroRNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Applied Biosystemsâ ®). To evaluate miRNA articulation, ongoing PCR examines were performed with a StepOneâ„ ¢ System utilizing TaqMan ®Universal Master Mix II (Applied Biosystemsâ ®). The objective miRNAs were enhanced by a lot of planned introductions for miR-127-5p, miR-221*, miR-222* and RNU48. miR-222* was utilized as a standardization quality miRNAs relative measurements. The information investigation was performed utilizing the StepOne Software v2.2 (Applied Biosystemsâ ®). Factual examination was completed by the PC programming IBM ®SPSS ®Statistics (Version 22.0). So as to survey any factual modifications in our standardized miRNAs articulation we utilized 2âˆ'ÃŽÃŽCt strategy and Students t test. 3-Results 3.1-Cycle edge versus RNA virtue Pee tests were prepared and the subsequent pellet was weakened in 1ml of Tripure. Outwardly a wide scope of pink shading was recognizable inside our pee tests. Those with a profound pink were connected with tests with an increasingly generous pellet not at all like those with a less impressive pellet who introduced themselves with a lighter shading. After miRNA extraction, we measure miRNA articulation of miR-222 in pee tests and saw that lone not many of them were recognized. Curiously, just the ones with a lighter shading were in reality identified. This precarious circumstance could be clarified by the proportion of absorbance at 260 nm and 280 nm which is utilized to evaluate the immaculateness of RNA. For this situation, lighter shading was likewise a marker of a more noteworthy proportion, then again, those with higher optical thickness had a low proportion, a long way from the proportion of ~2.0 which is commonly acknowledged as â€Å"pure† for RNA. So as to divert sens itive circumstance, we pick an example (MU26) that has an ideal 260/280nm proportion and weakened different examples to even out their optical thickness with Tripure. Posteriorly, we pick 5 examples to test and saw an extensive lessening of Ct in the examples prepared with the streamlined convention (Fig.1). The distinction of Ct esteem is extremely huge, almost 6 Ct, showing that RNA immaculateness is plainly a factor that challenge miRNA profiling. As appeared, miRNA evaluation goes with a low fixation or can go absolutely undetected when 260/280nm proportion is low be that as it may, when enhanced, miRNA focus expanded fundamentally. As said already, various reports showed miRNAs as biomarkers for human body liquids recognizable proof however, when others attempted to repeat them, they fizzled. Our outcomes shows that for a similar example, various degrees of virtue can choose whether or not a miRNA is identified, when it unquestionably influence their focus. There is the reason, RNA virtue should have been ideal else it might prompt untrustworthy outcomes, which could clarify, the bombed endeavors done by certain creators when attempting to repeat others results. Figure 1 Cycle limit versus RNA virtue. This figure presents the Ct estimations of miR-222 taken from 5 examples prepared with both ordinary and enhanced convention (first and second segment individually). It is indicated that the impressive fall of Ct esteems relates with an expansion of 260/280nm proportion. 3.2 †Normalization quality In qRT-PCR, information standardization is essentially required for measurement examination [5-7].

Identify a standard used by the VA in its information security Research Paper

Distinguish a standard utilized by the VA in its data security program, at that point investigate with another comparable norm - Research Paper Example The division consequently contains a great deal of touchy data implying that the substance needs the best possible types of interior controls so as to ensure information on the various individuals that is contained inside the framework. It is hence an essential for the association to embrace the best and most secure framework as serves the veterans as well as liaises with different offices to guarantee appropriate assistance conveyance for the veterans. There are the obligatory principles that are required by the government and different norms that the substances receive so as to have a set degree of family inside the worldwide patterns. One of the security necessities by the Federal government that the element has received is the FIPS 200 that is a standard indicated by the Federal Information Security Systems Act (FISMA) that is a significant part in chance administration (Norman, 2007). The security frameworks indicated under this standard are significant for guaranteeing the uprightness, secrecy and accessibility of the PC framework and its data while guaranteeing that the dangers that the organization may look in the process have been essentially decreased. Under the FIPS200 measures there are the administration shields, specialized protections and the operational shields. The administration shields manage hazard appraisal and security arranging factors while the operational guidelines are fundamentally worried about the staff security and the product and equipment support inside the association. The specialized defends then again are worried about the review trails and correspondences assurance (Norman, 2007). The FIPS 200 standard is relevant to all government data in order to require the security of data against any unapproved exposure. The norms has the base security necessities that it expects of the association in the various territories that

Feeling Good

Feeling Good I’m in my room, clacking away on my laptop, my fingers slowly defrosting, bits of ice forced into my intestines (by Cambridge’s spooky weather) slowly melting, and I feel pretty good. It’s been a while I typed up something that wasn’t a p-set or a study paper, a consequence of the past three weeks sapping so much time. The barrage of classes, problem-sets and exams all culminated in two midterms this past Monday, alongside a p-set I turned in one Ed Sheeran song before the deadline. Needless to say, I spent a large amount of time yesterday going through way too many equations, free-body diagrams and cancer-modeling pictures, splayed in different positions. Sometimes, I work sprawled on my bed, usually when I’m reading. Mostly, I hunch over a “makeshift” tableâ€"what kind of makeshift, you definitely don’t want to know. A few times, I sit on the floor and try to think things through. For rather difficult problems, sitting seems kind of hard to do while thinking of solutions, so I like to walk around in small circles, muttering to myself, twirling my fingers in the air, undoubtedly looking insane to any invisible observers. There are these spurts of time that feel like a great, cool intake of air after you’ve held your breath for way too long, spurts that come typically after curling the final integral sign onto the last problem of a p-set or after drawing a sad smiley on the final page of a difficult midterm and hoping you get credit for the dimples. And suddenly, you’re kind of…free? Only for a while, but yes, it feels like temporary freedom, to just take a breath and relax without feeling too guilty. This is quite the rant, and I guess it’s one born of euphoria. I’m done with midterms for the semester. No more exams until the Finals roll around in the middle of next month. There are still p-sets though, but we can forget about those for now. For now, I feel good. I also felt good last Friday. I had just finished a calculus midterm exam…and it felt odd because that was the first time in MIT I had completed an exam with several minutes to spare. This wasn’t why I felt good though. I turned in my exam paper and headed to my dorm. On arrival, I saw my name on the big screen in the Foo Lounge of Random Hall, the screen that indicates the presence of mail. I wasn’t expecting a package, so I was curious. My first thought had been something along the lines that my international secret government spy cover had been blown, and ninjas had left some device of doom thatoh, oh, it’s just a basket. But when I took the small wrapped basket from the friendly front desk person, I realized it wasn’t just a basket. It was full of candy, chocolate-covered pretzel sticks, gummy bears, crackers, and a note from my roommate, saying in the last few lines: “thanks for being an awesome roommate; I would probably be crying in a hole right now if you weren’t here.” Me? Awesome? Clumsy, sure, but awesome? Needless to say, I stood there, smiling as widely as any person could, the ends of my mouth probably whipping past my ears in a curl. It was both unexpected and delightful, and I was grateful for it. The Cambridge Weather, to which we shall now address as Evil, saw to it that my happiness was as short-lived as possible, bringing howling winds and a spirit-drenching cold that night and the following day. The only upside to that was being able to breathe out and see white puffs of air float out like ghosts, while wondering if that was movie-esque (yes, that word is made up). However, even with multiple layers of clothingâ€"sometimes in questionable combinations of jackets, sweaters and hoodiesâ€"I still felt like I was navigating the deepest parts of a gigantic refrigerator. Over the rest of the weekend, I watched the MIT Chorallaries astound a large crowd with incredible singing, explored a bit of Cambridge, felt my dorm literally shake (construction nearby, old building, long story), spammed a mailing list with nothing but “eom”, ran around a maze of students that had brought energy, enthusiasm and cameras for the Splash weekend, and eventually got around to studying for my two midterms. Physics went fine; Biology went a whole lot better than the last time, although one of the questions about single nucleotide polymorphism chips, vaguely resembling a computer-science/advanced-combinatorics hybrid had me stumped. I have since thenâ€"by which I mean, a few seconds agoâ€"found out the answers, and have a good mind to kick myself in the head. 7.012â€"Intro Bioâ€"is definitely a very challenging intro GIR; it also has its moments. Recently, a lot of it. Beyond learning about the cold, hard facts of vesicular microsomes and transcription factors, we sometimes delve into the human workings behind those facts, the little strokes of luck that brought about certain major discoveries, the simple experiments that paved way for larger, more complex ones…and I recently got a sense of something, from one of the classes in which Eric Lander tied in everything we had learned thus far to developing drugs for a certain heart disease. I got the sense of how beyond the 1400 pages of our textbook and the words uttered in class, beyond the teeth-kicking problem sets, everything we had learned in 7.012 this semester connected like meshing gears to hold up the fabric of the world. It felt like if I really thought about these things, genomic variation, nucleotide mutations, the workings of immunology, I could see them taking on bigger forms, yielding impacts. I’m in my first semester at MIT, and I’ve struggled a lot with Biology, but I’ve also been amazed by it, and understand that over the course of the upcoming semesters, MIT is going to split my mind open. My vague appreciation of how the things we learn in class can actually translate into changing the world in some not-at-all-over-idealized way is probably going to bloom. And it feels like…it just feels like MIT is preparing us to go out there and make those impacts. I’ve never really sat down and thought to myself, “I can make a huge difference…” because on the surface, that might sound silly and nothing more than proverbial, but in 7.012, I realize it isn’t. Serendipity would play a role somewhere; a lot of it would have to come from a great amount of hard work, but MIT saw something in me, and in everyone else that calls the Institute home, and MIT said, “You can do it.” However, MIT also likely sees it in people that may never call the Institute home. The first round of admissions decisions will be out soon, and the committee is going carefully through thousands of applications, digging themselves into your lives. Hopefully, they’ll come to understand the things that get you excited, the little segments of your lives that blend like jigsaw puzzles to define you. They’ll have to make extremely tough decisions, but regardless of the outcome, there’s a hope and energy that echoed in the pagesâ€"or pdf filesâ€"of your applications, one that shouldn’t ultimately hinge on a letter of acceptance or rejection. Very soon, in a blog post or two, I’m going to talk about the journey that led me to MIT, about the events that took place during the gap year that could easily have had me elsewhere. And I think the one thing I understood from reflecting on that now is thisâ€"I had things I had woven myself so deeply around that they were a part of me, ideas or activities that got me bristling, bubbling, overwhelmed. Those things were a big part of me when I sent in my application, and the outcome of the admissions committee’s decision existed totally independent of how strongly I felt and still feel about them. MIT is preparing everyone here to make a palpable difference in the world, but what exactly does this mean? The most important tools we have are our zeals, our enthusiasms, our brimming ideas, clashing, mingling, as the resources are set forth before us, but ultimately, anything we do hinges far more on who we areâ€"before we applied here, after we got our letters of acceptance and rejection from wherever we appliedâ€"and on having the sense that, because we’ll still love science experiments, or art, or the bliss of music, or Ultimate Frisbee regardless of anything, we’ll be able to use them as a platform for development wherever we are. The stories I learn about in 7.012, of Mendel’s experiment with the peas, of the sleepless night leading to Sturtevant’s conception of a genetic map, of the great role luck played in James Gusella’s polymorphism idea, were ultimately more of tales of inquiry and perseverance paying off than of location. It’s important to never lose track of the things that make you happy, and of the mindset that you have the potential to forge great things out of them. Well, I’m hungry right now, so I’ll probably go scavenge the kitchen or hope for a free-food e-mail to land in my inbox. I get quite a number of free-food e-mails on an almost daily basis, and in fact, I think I’ll do an e-mail search right now. You see how there were four free-food e-mails this past Sunday? And one on Saturday and three on Thursday? Hopefully, there’ll be one more tonight. My senses are attuned to these kinds of e-mails like a ravenously roving satellite dish. Well, it’s been a pretty good day (he says for the millionth time). I had to stay up really late studying and didn’t get much sleep, but I took a brief power nap a few hours ago, and since then, I’ve felt great. It’s weird. I have no more work due this week. There’s a calculus problem-set for next week and a brief reading for my philosophy class, but that’s relatively light, and it feels kind of weird, kind of amazing. It’s also Thanksgiving this Thursday, but I have very little to say about that, since I’m an international student, and it’s not really a thing in Nigeria. Regardless, I definitely have a lot to be thankful forâ€"my roommate, my friends, my family, my Alpha Delta Phi brothers, the people close to me, my sense of happiness right now, the eighty-five or so Taylor Swift songs on my phone, the idea that I can always whip out words to construct my thoughts and emotions and feel good doing that. And of course, the fact that MIT is giving us two days off classes. I’ll probably spend a good portion of this week writing stories. You can read a short one I wrote a few weeks ago here, although its fairly gory. I hope you guys have an amazing Thanksgiving this week, and have the chance to reflect on the things that make you bloom, the people that make you happy, the life you get to live now, and be thankful for them. For everything. Time does tick after all.

Benjamin Franklin Self Improvement - 923 Words

Self-improvement Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston into a traditional Puritan household and he grew up in morals and ideas of America’s first European settlers that affected Franklin when he is a child. â€Å"My parents had early given me religious impressions, and brought me through my childhood piously in the Dissenting way.† and â€Å"†¦ my mind with regard to my principles and morals†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Page 43) He lived in a time of tumultuous changes that his character and thought were shaped by a blending of Puritan heritage and enlightenment philosophy. Franklin’s father, Josiah, intended Franklin would go into the church that put Franklin to school as a child. â€Å"I was put to the grammar-school at eight years of age, my father intending to devote, as the tithe of his sons, to the service of the Church.† (Page 6) and developed his writing and math skill by his father altered his intention â€Å"took me from the grammar-school, and sent me to a school for w riting and arithmetic, kept by a then famous man, Mr. George Brownell†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Page 6) Franklin was developed his writing skill and felt interesting in it. In his early childhood, reading became the most important part for Franklin’s self-improvement. Later on his life, he met up great literatures by Shakespeare, Pope, and Addison, which build up his character and attitude. He wanted to become an English writer when he met with the Spectator by Joseph Addison. â€Å"I thought the writing excellent, and wished, if possible, to imitate it.† (Page 11) and â€Å"byShow MoreRelatedBenjamin Franklin Self Improvement Essay944 Words   |  4 Pagesin the world is the room for improvement†(Schmidt). Not a single person currently on this earth is perfect, everybody has their flaws. Benjamin Franklin recognized the imperfections in his habits and wanted to eliminate them to the best of his ability. He created this ingenious plan to abolish or at least improve upon t hese imperfections. He started by making a list of what virtues or characteristics he wanted to gain from his plan and clearly defined them. Franklin them proceeded to create the scheduleRead MoreBenjamin Franklin Essay894 Words   |  4 PagesINTRODUCTION Benjamin Franklin was born in Milk Street, Boston on January 6, 1706. Throughout his existence Franklin exemplified a life of self-improvement. 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Thesis formative Assessment - 7006 Words

LEARNING ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES FIELD STUDY 3 A STUDENT PORTFOLIO ______________________________________________________ PRESENTED to COLLEGE OF EDUCATION JOSE RIZAL MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY THE PREMIER STATE IN ZAMBOANGA DEL NORTE DIPOLOG CAMPUS, DIPOLOG CITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF THE COURSE FIELD STUDY 5 BY: MARY JANE C. ROJAS OCTOBER, 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Title Page ______________________________________________i II. Approval Sheet _________________________________________ii III. Dedication ____________________________________________iii CHAPT ER I: Field Study 5 an Overview Introduction____________________________________________________1†¦show more content†¦It involves the different assessment and evaluation strategies and methods that can be employing during and after the discussion. With the use of different assessment like authentic assessment, the learners will become effective performers with acquired knowledge, while the teacher will be able to measure the learners capacity to do work and enhance her/his strategies to be an effective teacher. There are more assessment tools that can be used especially the authentic assessment and traditional assessment. The used of authentic assessment is to engage learners to discourse social learning to involve in real-world problems and used of traditional assessment is to possess a body of knowledge and skills among the learners. This subject is the key to be preparing the student teacher before going the practice teacher. Through this portfolio, you will find the objective, significance of Field Study, definition of terms, the related concepts and theories, my narrative reports, presentation of outputs/task, findings conclusions and recommendations and others that will determine to what extent I achieve. 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In a descriptive cross sectional survey method, administrative staff in healthcare institutions and maintenance employees and associatesRead MoreDetermining Mastery For Instructional Strategies1716 Words   |  7 Pagescomplex procedure even for the most experienced educators. It involves not only a designated percentage on assessments, but also must take into account the cognitive complexity of the assessment as well as the nature of the learning goal students are being asked to master. This further requires consideration for â€Å"the rigor of expectations set for students’ performance† (Guskey, 2001). An assessment can contain items or tasks that are so challenging that even students who receive a low â€Å"cutoff† score

Salvador Dali Last Supper Free Essays

February 4, 2009 Surrealistic Meeting Salvador Dali drew the pictureâ€Å"The Sacrament of the Last Supper†in 1955. This painting has quite a bit of emotion as you look and see how the apostles are kneeling. This image was created to show the futurism in the resurrection of Christ. We will write a custom essay sample on Salvador Dali Last Supper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Futurism rejects the traditional form and include art into modern technology. In this painting the most significant detail in this portrait, would be the spirt above the table in form of the cross. This figure is Jesus sprit rising out of him the night before he was going to be crucified. Everyone at the table see this spirt floating out of him and that is why they are bowing their heads. Along with this spirt rising, the large windows in the background, Dali seemed to want all the heavens see what is going on during this meal. Salvador Dali’s picture is a totally different setting than the original painting of the last supper. Dali’s is set in a peaceful table with bright sun that is showing happiness and the bright future of everyone at the table. With the mountains covered in snow the setting must be cold but the people in the picture look very warm with just their light robes on while praying. Dali’s picture shows the man rising above the table must be the spirit of Jesus leaving his body the night before he was crucified. The arms reaching over the people at the table show his power, strength and desire to protect the loyal ones. The Jesus at the table is in torn clothes, symbolizing a struggle during the day. He looks at peace, like he is ready for his punishment the next day. Out stretched arms of his spirit means he is floating up to the heavens, so the only thing left is just his body or shell. The other people at the table are praying for his spirit and giving thanks for the bread and wine he left them on the table. On the left arm of Jesus is a dove sitting on his hand that symbolizes the calmness of the situation. His right hand, with the fingers that look like they are pointing to the spirit rising above shows the world  that his spirit will not be stopped no matter what they do with his shell he will live on. This surrealistic setting is the sign that Dali is portraying Jesus as a wonderful peaceful man. He is facing his ordeal with courage and dignity. He looks to be telling his people not to morn and not to hate for what is about to happen. Letting everyone know to keep faith in him and all will be well in the future. The sun shining through the clouds indicates the day is calm and warm even though the mountains have snow in them, It seems Jesus is assuring them that he will keep them all warm with his heart. There is a boat on the shore and that must mean someone with wealth and power showed up for the supper, it might belong to the one person that is in the gold robe. The setting of this background might be a place by Dali’s home or  a place where he wanted to live. The big wooden beams and stone dining area proves this is a strong place and built to withstand anything. The arms of Jesus spirit are going through the beams and must mean that nothing is as strong as the spirit of Jesus. This surrealistic setting is the sign that Dali is portraying Jesus as a wonderful peaceful man. He is facing his ordeal with courage and dignity. He looks to be telling his people not to morn and not to hate for what is about to happen. Letting everyone know to keep faith in him and all will be well in the future. This painting has a very peaceful and serene theme as shown by the mountains, and the calm face of Jesus. How to cite Salvador Dali Last Supper, Papers

CSR Practices and Business Strategies

Question: Describe about the report of CSR Practices and Business Strategies? Answer: Executive Summary Issues associated with the CSR are quite important for the business. Different types of strategies are adopted by the company to increase the production activities. In this process, the management is encouraged to think about the safety of the staffs and implementing the rights strategies for increasing the safety measures for the environment. The steps taken by the company differs, however the prime objective is to introduce the best strategies for the company. Introduction Corporate social responsibility, which is also known, has the sustainable responsibility of the business plays a key role in explaining the best way to carry out the business performance. CSR is referred to as the self-regulated rules, through which the business model adopted by the company can be explained. The prime objective of the companies is to increase the profit earning margin by following the ethical standards, international norms, and safety measures for the employees. Thus, in some cases the companies go beyond the compliance procedure and implement an accurate action plan through which the required changes can be introduced by the company. Through this policy the company undertakes the responsibilities through which the corporate action plans needs to be introduced. This is done to impose positive environmental factors, which is considered to be essential for carrying out the operational activities. The security measures are imposed for taking care of the interest of the stakeholders, clients, and staffs (Giampalmi, 2004). Companies can help in improving the business practices to prevent recurrences of events Definition of CSR Corporate social responsibility is a term that is associated with the responsibilities that needs to be undertaken by the company towards the environment and the community. For this, the management has to postulate or introduce effective strategies for improving the safety measures within the company, monitor and control the wastages, contribute towards various social and educational programs, and introduce better means to earn returns on the employee resources. Such activities are quite important for the successful business conduct and improve the brand image for the organization (Gillis, Spring, 2001). It is essential to create share value system, through which the contends related to ideas and other factors associated with the business execution can be carried out. This includes sharing ideas related to the social welfare and social welfare factors. With the help of qualified and experienced workforce, sustainable resources, adherence to the government rules, and other factors it is possible for the company to introduce the best system for improving the production process. In this method, the company highly concentrates on developing and adopting the better methods for creating income and securing the community from any sort of harms. This is one of the reasons, the competitive advance and CSR has to be linked in the best possible manner. In this method, the company work towards introducing plans for achieving short term profitability and handling several issues associated with the social and environmental goals (Grossmanx, 2004). Carols Pyramid In Carols pyramid, the social tasks intended to be performed by the companies are classified into 4 different parts. The parts have been classified into different layers in order to improve the possibilities for earning better profits for the companies. Some of the important parts or layers are mentioned below a. Economic responsibilities - In this layer, the companies posits to follow the rules and laws framed by the government. It includes the rules drafted for the environmental and the consumer laws. The company is expected to protect the rights of the staffs, and provide the best possible services to the clients. Rules suggests with adopting the right process for improving the production activities needs to be introduced by the company. This will help in approaching maximum number of clients and increasing the sales. The health of the employees working with the company is an important factor, and the same needs to be effectively followed by the management (Hall, 2007). b. Legal responsibilities This layer basically concentrates on adopting the right procedure for improving the production activities. The tasks undertaken by the company has to be done legally. This will help in minimizing any sort of harm that is caused to the stakeholders, employees, clients, and environment of the com pany. c. Ethical responsibility In the ethical factors, the company follows transparent and ethical methods for increasing the performance and quality of the organization. In this process, the company intends to contribute towards the human resources and financial factors through which the quality of life can be improved. Companies are expected to support different types of community programs, educate people about the health and human services, arts, and others (Handy, 2002).d. Philanthropic responsibilities - In this layer the company concentrates on adopting and implementing strategies for being a good corporate citizen. In this case, the company work towards improving the quality of life of the people and other factors through which better services can be improved. The company is expected to perform different charitable tasks, which would benefit the community (Oskamp, S., Schultz, 2006). People, planet, and profit the three Ps for Bottom Line Company The 3P is associated with the business model, through which the companies can be encouraged to adopt the better methods for achieving the sustainable plan. Many companies have adopted the standards that have been defined under the triple bottom line. The term refers to the people, profit, and planet (Meyerson, 2001). People TBL argues about undertaking the responsibilities through which the operational activities for the company can be improved. Companies ensure to provide the best possible benefits to the staffs and the community through the business activities. Employees benefits are analyzed and the tasks are enforced by the human resource department of the company. The staffs of the company are entitled to provide the required compensation to the staffs in case of occurrence of any untoward incidence. In the similar manner, the management has to ensure that the right steps are taken to create a safe and positive work culture and environment for the staffs. This will improve the work ability of the members and increase the value (Hanson, Middleton, 2000). Planet In this case, the companies involved with different types of production activities undertake the corrective steps through which the harm to the environment can be minimized. This is done to reduce the negative impact to the business, and reduce on the operational activities. It is essential for the company to control the pollution that can impact the eco-system. The energy consumption factors are analyzed, as this will reduce the carbon emission caused to the environment. In fact, companies adopt different strategies for protecting the environment by introducing it in the suitable plan (Hartman et al., 2007). Profit Companies no longer work only to earn profit, as it was done earlier. In this case, the management analyzes different strategies through which the profit earning margin can be improved, without increasing the operational activities. In this case, the management attempt to adopt safe methods for increasing profit (Kennedy, 2007). Pros and cons of CSR The concept associated with The Runan Plaza incidence. Around 1134 people had lost their lives and more than 2500 people were injured. Prior to the occurrence of the incidence, many international leading companies had insisted to improve the security measures that were adopted by other companies. Such rules were exclusively regulated for poor and underdeveloped countries, where health and safety measures for the staffs were not followed. Garment industry in Bangladesh had become the biggest exporters to the USA and Europe. Issues associated with the ethical consumerism were questioned, as many leading names had imported clothes from Bangladesh. Thus, rules were drafted to introduce better methods for increasing the production activities, without causing harm to the environment. This also included improving the health and safety measures for the staffs, avoiding child labor, and other factors (Kambalame, deCleene, 2006). Benefits of CSR a. Costs Different types of programs has been introduced to reduce the cost for operations. This includes introducing better equipments, and handling the environmental factors(Joseph, 2002). b. Brand image Safe and reliable production activities, improves the brand image for the company (Hempel, Porges, 2004)c. Win trust of the stakeholders Through this process, it is possible for the company to win the confidence of the investors. d. Customer relation Through this method, the company can improve the quality of customer relationship, which is required for sustaining the tough competition. Disadvantage a. Monitor- It is quite a challenge to monitor the tasks performed by the outsourced companies. This is one of the most important factors, through which the management can introduce the required changes (Hulm, 2006). b. Analysis of costs- The cost for introducing new mechanism for production and sales can be expensive. This can affect the operational plan of the company. Research and evidence of ethical operational activities for ethical consumerism The ethical issues faced by Toyota have been included in this part. Toyota had faced lots of ethical problem, which had impacted the performance of the company. Some of the problem had affected the performance and goodwill of the organization. One of the major issues faced by the company was associated with the quality control procedure. The quality of some of the cars was considered not to be at par, and this had affected the sales and the production activities. Some of the problem faced by the company included poor floor mat, sticky gas pedals, acceleration issues, and others. This had caused lots of problem for the clients and had increased the number of accidents. The problem associated with the floor mat had caused the acceleration issues, which had affected the quality of the cars that were manufactured by the company. Management of the company had accepted the fact that the quality of the car was poor and had impacted the trust of the clients on the company. The company had al so faced ethical issues that were associated with the acceptance of the reasons for the poor quality of the cars manufactured by the company. In this case, the management felt the need to assure the clients about changing the quality of the car manufactured and reduce the untoward incidences (Husted, 2003). Issues associated with the environmental factors were also analyzed. In this method, the company took the best advantage of the globalization but the required changes for introducing the changes were not followed. This impacted the quality of the task and the steps that were intended to be implemented for improving the quality of production activities. Car manufacturing process had received a free trade pass, which encouraged the company to venture into new market. Due to this, the management of the company could increase the number of factories for carrying out the production activities. Such factors had caused an increase in the problem related to the climate change. Pollution due to the production and fumes had negatively impacted the climate of the environment (Ireland, 2007). Solutions In order to follow the rules that were stated under the CSR, the management of the company undertook drastic steps. This was done with an intention of increasing the quality of production activities, and winning the trust of the customers and the stakeholders. For this, the management of the company apologized to the clients and the stakeholders. Many cars that were sold to the clients were recalled. Such steps were taken to avert the accidents that were mainly caused due to the wrong or improper quality of production. In this process, the company analyzed the quality of the cars that were manufactured and introduce better steps for increasing the production activities. The management introduced an effective control system, through which the major issues associated with the control process could be handled (Jayne, 2004). In order to reduce on the issues associated with the environment, the company introduced eco-friendly production activities. This included manufacturing hybrid cars that required less fuel and would emit less pollution. Through such strategies, the management of the company attempted to approach maximum number of clients and increase the production activities. Management ensured to proved accurate information to the clients and the stakeholders. This was done to win the confidence of the embers and continue with the production activities, without any interruption (Jones, 2000). Conclusion Issues associated with the CSR factors are considered to be quite essential for the business management. Many companies ensure to improve the quality of the production activities and cause less impact to the environment. For this, it was necessary to introduce the best policies through which the production activities can be improved. The challenges involved with the process of executing the tasks associated with the production and impact to the environment were analyzed. Through such process the management attempted to adopt the best strategies through which the production activities could be improved. References Giampalmi, J. (2004). Leading chaos, paradox and dysfunctionality in sustainable development. Executive Speeches, 19(2), 613. Gillis, T., Spring, N. (2001). Doing good is good for business. Communication World, 18(6), 2327. Grossmanx, L. (2004). Rating corporate social responsibility. Businessdate, 12(4), 57. Hall, C. (2007). Are emerging market TNCs sensitive to corporate responsibility issues? Journal of Corporate Citizenship, 26, 3036. Handy, C. (2002). Whats a business for? Harvard Business Review, 80(12), 4955. Hanson, D., Middleton, S. (2000). The challenges of eco-leadership. Greener Management International, 29, 95107 Hartman, L. P., Rubin, R. S., Dhanda, K. K. (2007). The communication of corporate social responsibility: United States and European Union multinational corporations. Journal of Business Ethics, 74, 373389. Hempel, J., Porges, S. (2004, September 6). It takes a villageand a consultant. Business Week, pp. 7677. Hulm, P. (2006). Fair trade as a business model. International Trade Forum, 2, 2021. Husted, B. W. (2003). Governance choices for corporate social responsibility: To contribute, collaborate or internalize? Long Range Planning, 36(5), 481498. Ireland, J. (2007). A responsible company thats making the grade. Leadership in Action, 27(1), 1820. Jayne, V. (2004). Sustainable and responsible now a fact of management life? New Zealand Management, 51(3), 2633 Jones, D. R. (2000). Leadership strategies for sustainable development: A case study of Suma Wholefoods. Business Strategy the Environment, 9(6), 378389. Joseph, E. (2002). Promoting corporate social responsibility: Is market-based regulation sufficient? New Economy, 9(2), 96101. Kambalame, D., deCleene, S. (2006). Partnership building as an approach to addressing corporate social responsibility in the agriculture sector in Malawi. Development Southern Africa, 23(2), 281287 Kennedy, C. (2007). The great and the good. Director, 61(3), 102106. Meyerson, D. E. (2001, October 1). Radical change, the quiet way. Harvard Business Review, 93100. Oskamp, S., Schultz, P. W. (2006). Using psychological science to achieve ecological sustainability. In S. I. Donaldson, D. E. Berger, K. Pezdek (Eds.), Applied psychology: New frontiers and rewarding careers. London: Psychology Press. Strike, V., Gao, J., Bansal, P. (2006). Being good while being bad: Social responsibility and the international diversification of U.S. firms. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(6), 850862.

The Last Rajan Essay Example

The Last Rajan Essay Brief lntegrative Case 2 The Last Rajah: Ratan Tata and Tatas Among Asias business titans, Ratan N. Tata stands out for his modesty. The chairman of the Tata Group-Indias biggest conglomerate, with businesses ranging fiom software, cars, and steel to phone service, tea bags, and wristwatchesusually drives himself to the office in his $12,500 Tata Indigo Marina wagon. He prefers to spend weekends in solitude with his two dogs at a beachfront home he designed himself. And disdainful of pretense, he travels alone even on long business trips, eschewing the retinues of aides who typically coddle corporate chieftains. But the 69-year-old Tata also has a daredevil streak. An avid aviator, he often flies his own Falcon 2000 business jet around India. And in February he caused a sensation at the Aero India 2007 air show by co-piloting Lockheed F-16 and Boeing F-18 fighter jetS. Tatas business dealings reflect the bolder side of his personality. In the past four years he has embarked on an investment binge that is building his group from a oncestodgy regional player into a global heavyweight. Since 2003,Tata has bought the truck unit of South Koreas Daewoo Motors, a stake in one of Indonesias biggest coal mines, and steel mills in Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. It has taken over a slew of tony hotels, including New Yorks Pierre, the Ritz-Carlton in Boston, and San Franciscos Camden Place. The 2004 purchase of Tyco Intemationals undersea telecom cables for $130 million, a price that in hindsight looks like a steal, turned Tata into the worlds the group plans $28 billion in capital investments at home over the next f,rve years in steel, autos, telecom, power, chemicals, and more. We rescaled our thinking in telms of glowth, Tata says over tea at Bombay House, the groups headquartels since 7926, a tranquil oasis with well-worn marble floors, a vast collection of modern Indian art, and staffers who circulate with bowls of vanilla ice cream every day at 3 p. m. We just forced and cajoled our businesses to make this happen. The forcing and cajoling have worked brilliantly. The market value of the 18 listed Tata companies has swelled to $62 billion, from $12 billion, since 2003. Group sales and profits have doubled, to $29 billion and $2. billion, respectively. The three big companies that account for 75 percent of sales-Tata Steel, Tata Motors, and Tata Consultancy Services-are enjoying some of their best years ever. And in May, Tata Tea netted $523 million in prof,rt when Coca-Cola Co. (KO) paid $1. 2 billion fol its 30 percent stake in Energy Brands Inc. , the maker of Glaceau VitaminWater. Not bad for a purchase made just nine months earlier. This is a transformed Tata, says Rajeev Gupta, managing director of private equity shop Carlyle Advisory Partners. The global push began four years ago. We will write a custom essay sample on The Last Rajan specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Last Rajan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Last Rajan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer After a roc? biggest carrier of international phone calls. With its $91 million buyout of British engineering frm Incat International, Tiata Technologies now is a major supplier of outsourced industrial design for American auto and aerospace companies, with 3,300 engineers in India, the United States, and Europe. frst decade as chairman, Tata commissioned a sweeping The crowning deal to date has been Tata Steels review to plot strategy, including a study comparing India with China. He was struck by the sheer audacity of Chinese projects. Whether they built a port or ahighway, they did it big, the kind of scale that caused skepttcs is over the top, he saYs. Bu[ o it. lndia, he concluded, should should Tata Group. By levercgin9 into rurb $13 billion takeover in April of Dutch-British steel giant Corus Group, a target that would have been unthinkable just a few years ago. In one swoop, the move greatly expands Tata Steels range of finished products, secures access to automakers across the United States and Europe, ochargo ^n ; :1ii: r*ii: iffiitf:iij and boosts its capacity fivefold, with mills added in Pennsylvania and Ohio. leagues Now, a new gambit may catapult Tata into the big of global auto manufaCfu? ing: The company is said to be weighing a bid for Jagiar Cars and Land Rover, which Ford Motor Co. wants to sell. On top of all this, 372 Brief lntegratiwe Case 2 The Last Rajah: Ratan Tata and Tata,s Global Expansion 373 Building an oryanization with a coherent vision and major deals and pushed for acquisitions capable of succeeding in so many industries and so many such as Corus. The ventures lnto passenger markets, though, is a daunting cals and telecom are his task. Asia has wrtnessed babies. And Tata is rnstrumental the rise of many soup-to_nuts in hatching new busi_ behemoths that thrived nesses, bouncing ideas gleaned when economic tides were from his travels to manag_ high, such as Koreas Daewoo, ers for. follow_up Thailands Char. oen Pokphand, and Indonesias Salim Ratan Tata serves another Group. Most eventually fell vital function: While at ease apart. The leal test for Tata, with lawyers and inves tment too, is likely to come when bankers, he remains firmly Indias boom abates and bat_ planted in the developing tles for talent and market share world. He is a passlonate pl-o_ invol ving both aggr. essive motel of corporate social responsibilitv. Indian r. ivals and deep-pocketed a mission that multinationals intensify dates to the group,s founding But unlike most other Asian groups, ,Tata in the 1SZos by Tatas greatalready has grandfather, Jamsetji proved it can survrve turmoil Tata. The founder w as a proneering and constantly reinvent industrialist, philanthropist, itself, says Harvard Business and fervent nationalist who School professor. Tar. n traveled to the United States with Khanna, who has closely studied a swaml, meeting the the group for a decade. tycoons of the day. He opened AI the center of the emptre is India, s hrst textile mill, in Tata himself. An ar. chi_ large part to wean Indians tecture graduate from Cornell from their industrial dependUniversity in 1 962, he ence on Britain, which until then serves as the gr. oups chief dealmaker had miIed much of the vrstonar. y, and spir_ subcontinent,s cotton and then itu al cement. He joined the company, shipped the high-cost cloth after college, then back to the colonies. Tata offered steadily rose thr. ough the ranks. worker. benefits such as He took over 16 years child care and pensions long before ago-after the death of his gregarious most companies in uncle, J R. D. the West, and later one of Jamsetji s Tata-just as India began dismantling sons helpecl bankroil decades of socialista young Mahatma Gandhi while style business controls. Tata has he agitated in South overseen sharp downsizAfrica for the rIghts of immigrant ing, ris? plunges into auto Indians. manufacturing and telecom, To thjs day, the Tata Gloup and a transformation of the r. mains devoted to good conglomerate s insular and works: Charitable trusts own lethargic management culture. 66 percent of the shares in Now he wants to prove parent Tata Sons, and many of its Tata companies can c ompete companies fund gr-assin the rich West as well roots antipoverty plojects that seem as in the unpredictable but far lemoved from hugely promiOing markets of their core businesses. Ask the developi ng world. Whats the chairman to name mole, Tata wants to set gloups the biggest challenges and he quickly the group solidly on a path to achieving all this befo? cires two: Talent, and retaining he retires. our value system as we get bigger. and more diverse. We have The barrel-chested tycoon to rncrease the management hasn,t named a successor. or bandwidth, and with the same said when he plans to step ethical standards. ,, down. He,ll t* iO in Decem_ He also concedes that the gr. oup be? , but he still has a vicelike is much less focused handshake, and associates than he envisioned back in are amazed at his command 1991, when he pledged to pare of nomb. , and technical it from details of the various Tata scores of companies to companfr. fri_r. es his fail_ . just a dozen did dump marginal businesses-cosmetics or so. Tata ure to designate a successor all the more disconcerting. cement-but pants, and Some even quesrion entered letail, telecom, biotech, wherhe? hi. ,t;;:tuiriigtrt and others spur the Today, Tata Group . ,V/ho compnses nearly 100 companies will U tti 4uf,;rorries one i:ups breakup. with 300 subsidiaries in 40 businesses. veteran insider. ,,Will there even be u-. noul leader? ,, Slimming the group down is Tata to oversee the gr. oup. y at a company museum. rough gener. tions of parsi escended from persians. one ar. ea where set out to do,,,he admits. I have not succeeded in what I d childless_and his siblings. It His r-eclusive half_brother, tail chain, but it,s unclear Succession ,,is a problem,,, volved in more issues than does step down, Ratan Tata hough he and other family of shares in Tata Sons, the h controlling stakes in its three half_sister. s aren,t s key units including Tata inrimarely inr4plved in all nesses His hope is that Tata s unorthodox structurc will give individual companies the agility to respond to new opportunihes and ill. ats. The organization is a lot lighter than a Wester. n conglomerate, says Alan Rosling, a Bliton who s pearheads international expanston for Tata. There is no central sftategy. We don t even have consolidated finan_ cial statements, The group is bound together by the small staffs of Tata Sons and another holding company, Tata Industries. These two chaired , by Ratan, provide strategic vtslon, control the Tata brand, and lend a hand on big deals. And Tata Sons can raise cash to launch new busi_ or help fund purchases such as Corus. In 2004 ]t 344 Part 3 lnternational Strategic Management in pulled in $1. 3 billion by floating a 10 percent share the companYs home b time capsule of a more city of genteel coloni urld, hukd from the $40 million a Year sup even though it emPloYs residents. And in its agreed Iesembles a I age, a leafY wide boulesPends some to early retirement got full pay until age 60 and lifelong health care. Tata Steel also spends mlllions annually on education nearby health, and agricultural development plojects in 800 a dusty outpost villages. In Sidhma Kudhar, for instance, of whitewashed stone houses with thatched roofs the crop 32 families until two years ago subsisted on a single a nonintrusive manner. The chief steward, though, cleally is Ratan Tata He jatlopha bushes seedlings for future income, as well as now whose ieeds can be used for biofuel Most childlen village has attend classes in the reftrrbished school, and the tllee televisions, powered by Tata solar units that also supply clocks. strike at Tata Motors Pune plant, militant unionists of the assaulted Tata managers and occupied a section city. higher-cost operations u*stion will the test now that Tata loads the Indian steeland absorbing Corus weaken malgins One key If you Put a gun Tata is what to do with Cotus mills such as the one at port Talbot in Wales, which employs 3,000 workers Tata says had better take the gun Im not moving. uraman, But the u it, says Muthpeople Ive ever Tata Steel Talbot to have to cut jobs. and broke the strike aft and the milita nts. While he doesnt look hes one of the toughest A delegation of 20 Corus labol reps known. The transformation of Tata Steel illustrates his impact obal In the early ompetition, antiquated P entation . *itl or1- Leahy. But how will own We comichael they be able to translate those prin- calls Muthuraman. Over the yeats, Tata cut the workforce from 78,000 to 38,000 and spent $2. 5 billion on modernization A decade later, Tata Steel had become one of the worlds efficient and profitable producels and began to most acquire rivals. Ratan was the chief architect of the Coius deal, says Muthuraman. I was worried about the conmagnitude and the amount of money But he instilled Because Tata is one of the few big fidence. The strategy: ore steelmakers with its own abundant coal and iron produce raw steel at low cost in India and reserves, it can then ship it to Oorus first-rate mills in the Vyest to make finished products. But Tata Steel highlights the challenges of balancing Old World ways w ith New Economy realities Jamshedpur TheY ciples into the British and European context? couldnt answel that' A bid fol Jaguar and L even more daunting challe give Tata a luxurY bland an would be an uPhill climb to r which was damaged bY sha Tata executives, who wont c and Land Rover, have dow United States, citing the hig mitments in emerging m mall cars under the Rover years amid comPlaints abou once made onlY trucks, sur cess of the Indica, an affor grief lntegratiwe Gase 2 The Last Rajah: Ratan Tata and Tatas Global Expansion 375 from scratch and rolled out in the 1990s. The Indica is now Indias number-two car and is selling well in South Africa, Spain, and Italy. Tata also will soon stafi exporting cars and trucks through a venture with Fiat (FIA) and is eyeing a similar project in South America. The company had another big hit in 2006 with the Ace, a bare-bones truck for less than $6,000. Tata already is boosting its output from 75,000 minitrucks to 250,000. energy giant British Peffoleum (BP), supplies buildings in Germany with rooftop solar-electric systems. But in developing nations, the company sees a vast market in bringing affordable power to villages that are off the power grid. The company has introduced low-cost, solar-powered water pumps, refrigerators, and $30 lanterns that bum for two hours on a days charge. And it has fitted 50,000 homes with $300 systems that can power two lights, a hot plate, a fan, and a l4-inch TV. But this is a drop in the ocean, says Tata BP Solar CEO K. Subramanya. We ought to be touching millions. There is little question that the opportunities for Tata in India and abroad are staggering. But can the group succeed on all these fronts simultaneously? The interesting dilemmas will come when the Indian economy slows and some Tata affrliates inevitably stumble. Future managers could look at expensive burdens such as Jamshedpur and rural-development projects as tempting targets for cuts when times get tight. Tata companies could lose interest in low-cost goods for the masses without a passionate promoter as group chairman. And the group could take a tougher look at businesses to spin off. For the foreseeable future, though, these are nonissues. Though Tata vows that he wont carry this on endlessly, he says he will stay on at least two years beyond when he chooses a successor. So he seems likely to fulfrll the last big item on his agenda: building a network of companies capable of tluiving in 21st-century global competition while still adhering to traditional values long after the departure of Ratan Tata. Strrrnlrles Ratans big passion, though, is the one lakh car. (One lakh is 100,000 rupees. And that many rupees equals about $2,500. ) Since the mid-1990s, he has wanted to develop reliable but supercheap vehicles, a project he believes could ultimately revolutionize the auto industry and make India a major economic power. Tata personally supervised the project and traveled frequently to Tata Motors development center in Pune to check on progress. Originally he envisioned a fundamentally new kind of vehicle-one made of plastics, for example, that didnt even resemble what we think of today as a car. He concedes that the spartan, oval-shaped model to be launched n early 2008 doesnt meet his lofty aims. Its made of steel. And it looks like, well, a car. To get the price to $2,500, engineers shrunk the size and stlipped out frills such as reclining seats and a radio. There is not a lot of innovation, he says. We didnt reinvent the business. Tata has similar ambitions to reinvent solar energy. Tata BP Solar Ltd. , a $260 million venture with British Go-Go Tata Since beginning a global push four years ago, lndias once-plodding Tata Group has expanded aggressively at home and abroad in a wide range of industries. Some of its major holdings: Building a new car plant and sharply boosting output of its small truck, the Ace. A new venture with Fiat will co-produce 1 50,000 cars and 250,000 trucks annually. The biggest gamble: a $2,500 peoples carto be launched in 2008. s7. 2 $490 BILLION MILLION l+260/0l (+36%) TATA STEEL Bought mills in Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam, and is now expanding in lndia. With its $13 billion purchase of Corus, Europes No. 2 steelmaker, capacity should reach 50 million tons by 2010, behind only Arcelor Mittal. $6. 6 $923 BILLION MILLION (+ee%) +33%) TATA CO N SU TTANCY SERVI CES Biding the software and tech services outsourcing boom, TCS has grown explosively in the past five years. Now its developing its own software for $4. 2 $930 = z BILLION MILLION transportation, retail, finance, and other industries. All figures for fiscal year N4ar 31, l+41%l l+43%l 2007 ) ,,, 37lo 0uestions for Review Part 3 lnternational Strategic Management l. How do the Tata Gr. oups strat egies in its home market differ from its international ventures? Do you think joint ventures are essential for Tatas future success? 2. What haye been Ratan Tatas most important strate_ gic initiatives for the company? Should his succes_ sor follow in his footsteps or pursue new paths for growth? 3. V/hat risks might Tata face in its global expansion? How might it manage their risks? Source: Reprinted with special permission from pete Engardio, . ,The Last Rajah: Indias Ratan Tata Aims to Transform His Once_Stodgy Conglomerate Into a Global Powerhouse. But Can It Thrive After He Steps Down? with Nandini Lakshman in Mumbai. BusinessWeek, August 2, 2007. Copyright @ 2007 by rhe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Comparative Commentary essays

Comparative Commentary essays The theme in both texts is similar; they both discuss the problem of pollution. However, the texts positions regarding this theme are very different and so is the way they are expressed. The first text is an advertisement and therefore its purpose is to try to persuade us to Keep America Beautiful. It expresses the urgency of the problem of pollution and of our reaction to it. The writer expresses this importance and urgency thanks to the structure and form of the text. The title is very well chosen, we immediately understand the theme of the text and are interested to read on. The sentences in the text are short and with a lot of punctuation, making it easily read and much livelier. The short paragraphs and the question-answer format makes the advertisement much more interesting. The texts purpose is to persuade us that the pollution problem is urgent. This is done by giving examples of every day situations the readers can relate to easily. The readers feel that the text is addressed directly to them and are therefore easily persuaded. The slogan at the end of the advertisement is very powerful, it is what we remember when we finish reading it and it stays in our memory for a long time. This advertisement is powerful and has great impact because it is clever, lively and subtle. The writer doesnt voice his opinion in the text; he is simply giving us different peoples reactions and information, letting us see for ourselves how stopping pollution is urgent and how his opinion is the right one. The second text has a completely different perspective of the same problem. This text is an editorial; the personal opinion of the editor is expressed in it. The text is therefore opinionated and subjective. The writer does not see global warming as a big problem. He expresses his message with irony and sarcasm, mocking people who think otherwise. This can be seen in the last para ...

Fatigue problems facing pilot crewmembers in today's aviation world Essay

Fatigue problems facing pilot crewmembers in today's aviation world - Essay Example Fatigue has significant physiological and performance consequences because it is essential that all flight crewmembers remain aware and play their role in flight safety by their observations and actions. As fatigue is a safety concern, this discussion will describe the symptoms of fatigue along with its physical and psychological effects specific to airline pilots. Fatigue is a normal response to many conditions customary to flight procedures because of the sleep loss due to erratic shift work and long duty rotations. Many factors can contribute to fatigue in the commercial aviation environment but the term, ‘fatigue,’ has yet to be defined in a tangible manner. In reference to human functioning capabilities, fatigue refers to deterioration in human performance, arising as a consequence of several potential factors, including sleepiness resulting in a decreased ability to maintain function or workload due to mental or physical stress. Sleepiness has a less ambiguous definition. â€Å"Sleepiness, according to an emerging consensus among sleep researchers and clinicians, is a basic physiological state (like) hunger or thirst. Deprivation or restriction of sleep increases sleepiness and as hunger or thirst is reversible by eating or drinking, respectively, sleep reverses sleepiness† (Roth et al, 1994). The term has been descri bed as a range of experiences such as sleepy tired or exhausted. Sleep loss and circadian rhythm interruption, (a disturbance of the normal sleeping pattern), are the two major physiological phenomena that have been demonstrated to create fatigue. The only effective treatment for fatigue is adequate sleep (Caldwell, 1997). Many conditions contribute to fatigue including the length of time awake, the amount of continuous time doing a task, the lack of sleep and circadian rhythm disruption. As fatigue progresses it is responsible for increased errors judgment, followed by

Learning About Power And Leadership In Organizations Essay

Learning About Power And Leadership In Organizations - Essay Example Power is a strong word. It connotes to something extraordinary just like having another person do something which you would not have done yourself. Power may have different meanings depending on how it is used in context. It could have good or bad connotations. For example, some people are caught saying â€Å"If you’ve got information, then you are sure to get to the top or lead because you got the power of leveraging yourself over the situation or over your competitors. This is better termed as the â€Å"Informational power† (French and Raven). On the other hand, S. Mallaby wrote about Power on a different perspective as he pointed out that â€Å"Power that is built on debt is often Power that will crumble† (Mallaby). How does â€Å"Power† apply to my position and work? Presently, I belong to the middle managerial level, given the designation of a Section Chief for Internal Affairs Group under the Planning and Programming Unit. I report directly to the A ssistant Director for Internal Affairs Group who reports to the Bureau Director. I work in a typical government office which is adapts the bureaucratic hierarchical structure. Our Bureau is in charge of the purchase and distribution of health supplies needed in our town as well as the deployment of health workers. The Bureau’s upper and middle hierarchical structure include a Bureau Director, acting as the overall Head of the Bureau with two Assistant Directors, one for Internal Affairs Group.... This is better termed as the â€Å"Informational power† (French and Raven). On the other hand, S. Mallaby wrote about Power on a different perspective as he pointed out that â€Å"Power that is built on debt is often Power that will crumble† (Mallaby). How does â€Å"Power† apply to my position and work? Presently, I belong to the middle managerial level, given the designation of a Section Chief for Internal Affairs Group under the Planning and Programming Unit. I report directly to the Assistant Director for Internal Affairs Group who reports to the Bureau Director. I work in a typical government office which is adapts the bureaucratic hierarchical structure. Our Bureau is in charge of the purchase and distribution of health supplies needed in our town as well as the deployment of health workers. The Bureau’s upper and middle hierarchical structure include a Bureau Director, acting as the overall Head of the Bureau with two Assistant Directors, one for In ternal Affairs Group who is tasked to handle planning and programming, finance and administrative concerns. (Refer to Attachment 1 -Organizational Structure.) The other Assistant Director handles the Bureau’s External Affairs to include Operations, Public Information and Other External Affairs Programs and Activities. These two top Assistant Directors directly report to the Bureau Director bringing to him issues specific to their group. Each Assistant Director has designated Section Chief and Assistant Section Chief. â€Å"Power in this bureaucratic office is the typical set up described by Max Weber’s in his paradigm stating that the level of power given to a bureaucrat is directly proportional to the level where you are positioned in the hierarchy†

Types of Traditional Chinese Dance

Types of Traditional Chinese Dance Dance is one of the oldest art of humankind, and expresses the feelings and thought of art through rhythmic, refined and organized human movements. China has one of the oldest and continuous cultures in the world, with over 5,000 years of recorded history. Dance is an inseparable part of the Chinese history. With traditional dancing in China dating back to the Zhou Dynasty, numerous transformations have befallen the practice both positively and negatively. After several dynasties, the Tang Dynasty has marked the peak of the practice with thousands of singers and artist coming up with more than sixty compositions outdoing the recorded figure at the time. However, with the onset of the foot binding custom, women dancers were restricted in their movements, and this led to the downfall of the dancing traditions. Also, at the time, social values and morals that limited the dancing of women were put in place further worsening the tradition. The Song Dynasty as the name suggests revived the tradition and to date has been through multiple evolutionary stages (Van Zile 54-55). Due to the long history of China and many minorities, there exist many different kinds of traditional dances in China, and have been grouped into three: classical dance, folk dance, and opera dance. Classical Dance Chinese classical dance has a very long history. Originated in ancient China, broad and profound, it combines a lot of martial arts, opera in the action and shape, with particular emphasis on the role of the eyes in the show. It emphasizes the coordination of breathing, full of rhythm and sense of style, unique oriental Hardness, and beauty of the dance, intoxicated. Chinese classical dance mainly includes body rhyme, shenfa, and skill. The rhyme is the connotation of Chinese classical dance, the charm of each dance is different, two people jump the same action, and the appeal is different. Shenfa is the dance and action. Rooted in the traditional Chinese culture fertile soil classical dance is much stressed that both shape and spirit, physical and mental integration, internal and external unity, the body rhyme. Charm is the soul of Chinese classical dance. God in the shape of the outside, to God collar shape, to form the gods, the feelings of the mood made the actual meaning of the body rhyme. In ancient times, classical dance belonged to court dance. The court had a dedicated dance team for the emperor. Most of the classical Chinese dance music using Chinese different folk musical instruments, such as guzheng, erhu, pipa and so on. Chinese classical dance clothing antique, according to the specific requirements of the dance also have their characteristics, most of the Han and Tang Dynasties dance traditional Chinese dress. The classical dance is characterized by the unique body movements, the intimate relationship between the body motion and the inner feelings of the dancer, and its utilization of only natural body strength and muscles. The body movements associated with the classical dancing combined with different facial expressions express different inner feelings articulately without confusion to the audience. These feelings could be love, peace, joy, anger, and disappointment among others. Also, it is the internalization of these feeling that guides the motions and movements of the dancer who in turn does not require greater than the standard muscle power obtained through various daily activities to perform the dance. Unlike in many other dances, the classical dance does not require the dancers to have built their muscles. The flip move obtained from martial arts is the most common classical dance move with almost all performers incorporating it in their dance regularly. Folk Dance Folk dance is probably the oldest of the Chinese dancing culture having been created by the fathers of long gone days in line with the different belief of the day then. Folk songs were mainly ritualistic and geared towards receiving favors from the supernatural which would have included successful hunting expeditions, good farm harvests, and are dated to as early as the fourth millennium BC from archaeological evidence recorded of hunting art scribbled on a pot. Folk dances differ in the different ethnic groups and often depict the groups religious, social and cultural customs. Performers are clothed in colorful, choreographed costumes, and the dances though different from ethnic group to the other also show some similarities. Jealousy, forgiveness, love and communal unity are some of the shared themes and play a significant role in strengthening the bond between the community members. Today, folk dances still exist and have paved its way to the Chinese formal theater. However, the j ourney has been long and has seen the transition of the dance. War and struggle for survival nearly saw its end but was revived soon after. There are three popular folk dances that have stood the test of time; lion dance, the court dance, and the dragon dance. Lion Dance The lion dance is accredited the most popular of all the folk dances. It is based on the perception of the male lion among the Chinese. In the North, the dance is performed in red and orange costumes and is full of the ferocity and agility showed by the animal. Its mostly done by acrobats. In the south, on the contrary, the dance is performed in no particular color and does not involve acrobats. Its meant to show the role of the animal which is to guard (Hays). The Court Dance This dance involves several dances all falling under the same. The common are the Prince Qins Cavalry dance performed to celebrate the imperial army.It passed a call to courage and preparedness for battle and involved a huge number of actors. Nichang Yuyi was another court dance inspired by the Tang Dynastys emperor from visions encountered in a dream he had and turned out to be an excellent piece (Jung-rock 17-55). Dragon Dance The dragon and lion dance to date are still the primary performances in any festivity among the Chinese. The Dragon symbolizes wisdom, dignity, and power. The dancers animate the huge long creature, and their number is dependent on the size of the mock dragon. Fire might also be incorporate in the dance to bring out the animals fierce breath effect on the audience (Hays). Opera Dance Just like the other dances, the opera dance can be traced to have begun long ago in China. It attained its maturity later in the Song dynasty and is characterized by the incorporation of various styles including martial arts, songs, literary art, and acrobatics all in one. The performers of the dance have their faces painted in different colors bearing different meanings to show the characters emotions, fate, and role. For example, the color white is painted on villain characters depicting their credulity, evil and craftiness. Green and red represent impulsiveness and bravery respectively. Chinese opera is categorized into several branches with the main difference being due to location variation. They include Cantonese opera, Beijing opera, kunqu Opera, Shaoxing opera and Lvju opera. Today, this dance is not as common as other dances and is only staged on the formal opera house and in some festivities but not a primary dance. The Chinese dances are a very broad form of representing, conveying and preserving their culture. Within the three most important categories of the dance, there exist several subcategories, and they differ within different ethnic groups. Performances of the dances follow different styles including acrobats and martial arts with the characters dressed in costumes to match the dance. Over the past, these dances have played a significant role not only preserving the culture but also preaching peace and unity among the communities. With time, the dances have transformed and may not portray the rich culture that was passed through generations but still hold meaning to the people. However, the communities should strive to ensure the continuity band originality of the dances.

Animal testing Essay

Animal testing is used for many products worldwide. Also animal testing is used for a wide range of things, such as items in houses and medicines. Many places test on animals, such as private facilities, universities, and government laboratories. A big debate in today’s society is whether or not scientist should use animals for testing. Most of the animals die during or after the testing. Typing animal testing on images on the Internet it is most likely that gruesome images of rabbits, mice, cats, and dogs being used as test subjects will appear. Some people believe that animal testing has improved the world and continues to do so. They look, at the good side of what animal testing has done for humans. People want to make sure that the product that they are using is safe and won’t affect them in a negative way. Most people believe that it is okay as long as the animal is put to sleep while being tested on and if the animals feel no pain then it doesn’t matter tha t they are being tested on. Most people think that since most people eat animals; why not use them for testing, which can help humans. But other people think that there are better ways to conduct these experiments. These people can’t stand the fact that millions of animals die because of testing. Haugen, David Animal Experimentation A lot of animal testing is used for cosmetics. Items such as mascara and shaving cream are common cosmetics. The most used animals for animal testing are rabbits, guinea pigs, and mice or rats. It is important for some people to know that their cosmetics were not used to harm animals. However, other people say that they would rather have their products tested by animals because they would rather be safe and to make sure that they wont be affected by the product in a negative way. Another main reason for animal testing is for medical research. Medical research has helped technology. Scientist, want to make sure that they are testing with the most current technology and at this moment its animals. The study of animals helps scientist understand better. Ways that Animal testing has helped medial research is that it has helped find a cure for breast cancer, leukemia, lung cancer, and many others. Now days it seems not ethical for humans to be tested on, but in the past people in mental hospitals or prisons have been used as â€Å"guinea pigs†. In the past this behavior was acceptable. Humans that are tested subjects these days are able to speak up for themselves where animals are not capable of that. Most people that agree with animal testing have never been forced to do something that they didn’t have a say about and didn’t have rights. Darwin has showed that we share a common lineage with other animals, and a subsequent genetic research has shown the closeness of evolutionary links. This means that we are very similar to animal. Boines, The use of curari in a repository medium in the management of acute poliomyelitis. Most of the animals that are from the streets or animal shelters that are being used as test subjects. Scientists believe that if the animal is going to no use, then it should be used for testing. Some laboratories hire people to drive around to find animals on the street. Most people don’t believe that this is right because that animal could be someone’s lost loving pet. In the past there have been cases of animals being stolen for testing and even trades happening for testing. Jmett, The student roos Animal testing has decreased. The main cause of it decreasing is that people have become more aware of it and what the side effects are to animals. Also a lot of people spend most of their time protesting against it and making other people aware of it. The push of stopping animal testing has affected businesses. For example cosmetic, companies have lost customers because the customers that believe that animal testing isn’t ethical don’t want to buy their pro ducts from a business that test on animals. This has pushed many large cosmetic companies to quit animal testing, but some of them don’t tell the complete truth. People have found that companies that say they are â€Å"animal testing free† usually have other companies test their products on animals for them. They can get away with having the other company willing to test for them because the companies that sell â€Å"animal tested free† products can get away with double or tripling the actual value because they know that customers want to see the words of animal tested free and then the company will share the profit with the other company that tested the products on the animals for them. n.p, A Critical Evaluation of Animal Research People read articles and the description of how they actually test the animal and it shocks them and they think that animal testing should be banned forever, but most of these people also don’t realize that animal testing has helped us with our medical research. Most people that have been sick or are close to someone that is seriously ill and animal testing is one of their only hopes for getting better; then they all of a sudden are all for animal testing. A big question is, ‘is animal testing worth it†? Some people say no because more than half of the animals end up dying after testing. And the testing is usually for the humans and their bodies can react different than the animals, so most people believe that testing isn’t even worth it. The other side of the people believes that testing is worth it because even though animals die there is still progress in today’s medical research. The more that animals get tested on the more we come closer to a better society. They believe that scientists need to start with something and that something is testing on animals. Botting, The history of thalidomide. Drug News & Perspectives, Evaluation of the potential effects of ingredients added to cigarettes. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 40 There have been multiple cases where animal testing has affected animals differently than it affected the humans. When cigarettes first came out, they tested them by animals to see if they were safe. If they went by just what animal testing showed about cigarettes, it would be wrong. For animals to inhale cigarette smoke is okay and it won’t harm them, where it would harm humans. Cigarettes also didn’t cause cancer in animals, which they actually do in humans. This shows that cancer is different for animals and humans. Another example is the drug Thalidomide, which was to help prevent nausea and morning sickness for pregnant mothers. Thalidomide was tested on many animals and all of the animals showed the drug as being safe and okay. The drug ended up being unsafe, which caused babies to be born with deformities. The main deformity from this drug caused â€Å"flipper limbs†. This was when the legs and arms were really short and were joined at the hip and shoulder joints. The reason that all of the animals showed this drug to be safe was because the drug was not correctly tested. To be correctly tested they would have had to test the drug on pregnant animals to show accurate results, which shows another way that animal testing isn’t always effective and doesn’t always show the most accurate results. This is just two out of countless documents where animal testing failed to work. All the products were initially tested on animals and were thought to be safe for humans, but when given to humans, major consequences took place leading to deaths and deformities. Animal testing was disproven to be accurate in these tests. This leads people to believe that animal testing is not safe and that people shouldn’t always trust that animal testing would be accurate. Allanou, Public availability of data on EU high production volume chemicals. Some people believe that animal testing has slowed the process of medicine. They believe this because they think that scientists waste time by testing on the animals. They could waste time because some animals react diffe rent then humans and most animals end up dying. Others believe that it is worth the time and that great things can come out of animal testing, which is very true. Humans should be very thankful for what scientist have accomplished. Because of animal testing, scientists have been able to create medicines, vaccines, and insulin that can cure humans. Animal testing has also helped physicians. Animal testing has helped them by making it more accurate for them to perform surgeries, such as heart and lung surgeries. Testing has allowed doctors and scientists save many lives. â€Å"Animal research has played a vital rise in virtually every major medical advance of the last century – for both human and veterinary health. From antibiotics to blood transfusions, from dialysis to organ transplantation, from vaccinations to chemotherapy, bypass surgery and join replacement, practically every present day protocol for the prevention, treatment, cure and control of disease, pain and suffer ing is based on knowledge attained through research with lab animals.† The Foundation for Biomedical Research. This makes people believe that if animal testing were to slow down then advancements in modern medicine would significantly slow down. There are about 450 ways to replace animal testing. For some reason many people believe that animal testing is the only option, but that its wrong. The reason we haven’t completely stopped testing on animals is because it would cost a lot of money to replace it, but in the long run it would probably save us money. Also, animals are easier to obtain in labs because scientist are so used to working with them. It’s easy to keep their day-to-day habits instead of changing their whole research and starting over. Also people see that animals die everyday from being tested and they couldn’t imagine seeing humans die occasionally from being experimented with. The rate that society is going, animal testing will always happen, but as time goes by it will be improved and become more humane. Some people believe that animals do not feel pain. Scientists assume though that they do feel pain. An animal has a vertebra back bone just like humans, which leads scientist to believe that they have the same nerves as us. This means that the animals might feel the same or similar to what we feel. Some scientists do believe that if the animal is in intense shock from the testing it won’t feel any pain. This information makes people aware of the effects of animal testing. Some people argue and say that instead of testing on animals test on humans because animals have no say in what happens to them as where humans have a voice and can speak up for themselves. The other side of the argument is that a human’s life is more valuable than an animal’s. Humans are more advanced than an animal, which leads people to feel more compassionate about the human.Crawford The schizophrenic career of a â€Å"monster drug† Some people view animals as equals to humans. The common thing that most people think is that humans are on a higher level than animals because humans have control over their lives and more characteristics, such as humans are more intelligent, creative, aware, technologically advanced, able to understand and speak an language, and able to make moral choices. These rights are what lead people to believe that humans are higher than animals, but the other side of the argument can prove this wrong in their own way. The other side of the argument says that since animals can feel pain they are the same equally as humans. People don’t think that humans and animals should be separated into different groups because they both suffer and can both die. People also point out that not all humans are capable of having all the characteristics that a normal human would have, such as infants or handicapped humans. These people that have less characteristics sometimes might even have less than an animal so an animal would be higher on power. Also since infants don’t have high levels of characteristics many Americans believe that they should be given equal power, which is the same power as a grown adult. They think this is right because their parents value them. But then that doesn’t work for pets if a human values them. This is very inconsistent it shows that life isn’t fair at times. But to be fair everything that is valued by an adult should have rights not just one half. One of the biggest issues that people use to defend animal testing is that the animals are going to die eventually anyway. They say that in nature animals would end up killing each other or dying of natural causes. This is very true, but the other side can argue and say that the way the animals are getting tested on is not â€Å"natural†. The animals end up dying, but a painful death that wasn’t planned to happen. Some humans torture other humans without their consent; such as rape and that it is looked down upon and is not acceptable in our society. Also people for animal testing say humans hunt the animals and kill them to eat, which is true. The other side states that it’s not the same because hunting is for a benefit to survive. They understand that animal testing could be for our benefit for example it can be good for medical research. Even though it can be beneficial, it still is different than hunting because animal testing can be a painful process for the animal and not every company uses it for benefits. LyonTobacco smoke and involuntary smoking, monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. International Agency for Research on Cancer Most people are unaware that animal testing is actually beneficial to animals themselves. Animals need to have the best nutrient and if anyone has an animal as a pet more than likely the animal isn’t going to go out and hunt for its food in the wild, which would make sure it got all of its necessary nutrition. So to make sure the pet has the best nutrition it has to get all of it in its dog food that people buy at the store for them. To make sure all of the right nutrients is in the dog food and won’t harm the animal scientists have to test the product on animals to get the best result. Scientists have also used animals for testing on worms, which is a medical problem for animals and have come up with a result that helps pet’s lives. Most people agree that this is right because it is actually benefiting the animals and their lives weren’t just a waste. I believe that animal testing isn’t ethical. I am an animal lover, but it’s not just that. I disagree in what takes place in the labs. I believe that humans and animals are equally on the same level. So when you see an animal cramped up in a tight, small cage think to yourself what if they were one of your friends or a family member? These animals never get affection so I imagine what life would be like growing up as a child with no one there to support me or lead the way for me. Animal testing has been around for years and people are just now realizing that it is harmful. I also don’t believe that animal testing is accurate. Rabbit’s eyes are different than ours. Rabbits feel more pain in their eyes than humans and the pain effects them longer and it takes a long time for the substance that we put in their eyes to go away. A rabbit’s eye is ten times more reactant to hydraulic solution than our eyes. After the rabbits are tested on scientists wait 14 days until they clean the solution out of their eyes. Whenever I’m in the shower and I get shampoo in my eyes I make sure that I clean them out right away, which is normal they shouldn’t have to have solution sitting in their eyes for two weeks when us humans cant even stand it for a minute. The rabbits are extremely affected by this test. The chemical causes swollen eyes, irritated and cloudy eyes, and inflamed skin around the eyes. Also they might endure ulcers, bleeding, or blindness. Once the test are finished the rabbits die. I believe most cosmetic companies are frauds. They say they are doing animal testing to make sure that the products are safe and that they care about their customers. In reality they just perform the animal testing so any customers don’t sue them. Many cosmetic companies say that the law requires them to perform test on animals to make sure their products are safe, but the companies don’t make that a law. So millions of animals suffer and die for selfish companies not wanting to get sued by their customers. I also believe that in the past when new products were first coming out it was okay because we didn’t even know how these products would affect anything. In general I think every cosmetic companies knows what’s right and wrong for their customers. Works Cited Hansen, Allanou R. Public availibility of data on EU high productions volume chemicals. N.p.: Jont Research center, 1009. Print. American Practice. Boines, 3 May 2010. Web. 12 Oct. 2012. James, Botting J. The History of thalomide. N.p.: Food and Chemical Toxicoigy, 1991. Print. Lane, Crawford C. The schizophrenic carrer of a â€Å"monster drug.† N.p.: Pediatrics, 1993. Print.