Chronic Poverty in Nigeria Essay - 1864 Words

INTRODUCTION In the global economy, issues of poverty has for some time been at the centre of developmental goal of nations. The poor nations are eager to come out of poverty; the rich nations are evolving welfare strategies to improve the quality of life of their people. Poverty has been defined in many ways by several scholars, but what seems to be a general consensus is that poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon. According to (Narayan and Petesch 2002) Poverty is regarded as lack of financial capability to obtain basic need of life such as food, cloth, shelter as well as lack of access to education, health care and security. While some school of thought mirror poverty from absolute perspective and conclude that it is possible to†¦show more content†¦This has necessitated government of Nigeria to design various poverty alleviation strategies to combat this â€Å"hydra headed monster† called poverty. It is in the light of this that this paper focuses on the poverty in Nigeria with a view to examining the micro causes of poverty, programme on alleviating poverty and the programme strengths and weaknesses in Nigeria. Micro poverty in Nigeria is prevalent and most of these are found in rural communities. These are associated with poor infrastructure facilities, food insecurity, and traditional agricultural practices, poor access to credit, production inputs and general inability to meet basic need(Federal Office of Statistics 1999). According to(UN millennium project 2006), cited the causes of poverty as being enormous but the basic that affect the micro poor are lack of education, gender inequality, access to health care, lack of infrastructure, absence of market and government regulation /social unrest that often leads to war. Due to these constraints large numbers of people in developing countries (Nigeria) are in persistent poverty and trapped in cyclical poverty as shown in figure 1. Low incomeShow MoreRelatedPopulation Growth And Poverty: Nigeria1166 Words   |  5 Pageschallenges that people have to face and Nigeria is no exception. Nigeria, a country located in West Africa, is the sixth most populous country in the world with a total population of over 167 million (Rosenthal). The issues that Nigeria goes through as a result of population growth are just a few of the issues that many other populated countries face worldwide. The high rates of unemployment, crime, poverty as well as lack of health and education in Nigeria are just some of the many factors that areRead MoreThe Millenium Declaration Goals 20001758 Words   |  7 Pagesextreme poverty and hunger 2. Achievement of universal primary education 3. Promotion of gender equality and empowerment of women, 4. Reduction of child mortality 5. Improvement in maternal health 6. Combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases, 7. Ensuring environmental sustainability and 8. Develop a global partnership for development. The accomplishing focus of these objectives is until 2015. Subsequently such advancement methodologies are critical to meet these objectives. Poverty is seriousRead MoreThe Millennium Development Goals : A Global Vision For The Future1447 Words   |  6 Pagespublic. With the MDGs’ expiration date of 2015 fast approaching, the world community is focusing on the development of a post-2015 agenda. This paper seeks to contribute to this process by highlighting the main strengths and weaknesses of the MDGs in Nigeria and Haiti, deriving the lessons that can be learned from almost 15 years of experience with the MDGs. Building on these lessons, the paper suggests different ways of how they could inform and enrich the process towards the formulation of a new developmentRead MoreHealth Care Vs. Healthcare System1052 Words   |  5 Pagesactivities. Unfortunately, there are many health related issues and diseases that have been serious challenges to human kind. Diseases such as cancer, HIV, chronic illnesses, unpredicted accidents, and many others have been unavoidable situation for some people. Each ethnicity groups also are genetically tied to a certain type of illnesses. Poverty and lack of education play a major role in these health issues. Inability to secure a good health insurance has led to death of many people and left othersRead MoreThe Importance Of Country Information On Northern Africa1506 Words   |  7 PagesCountry Information: Northern Africa: Algeria- The citizens are living in poverty, but the nation is wealthy due to their mass amounts of oil. Their economy level is upper middle income rate. Within the country there is about 18,000 people living with HIV or AIDS. Algeria is willing to direct money towards healthcare, but it is riddled with poor infrastructure. Its citizens generally favor Western Medicine. Unfortunately the country faces overpopulation, and is overcrowded in some cities. Egypt-Read MoreThe Current Youth Is The Future1431 Words   |  6 Pageshopelessness stemming from the chronic poverty. More than 48 percent of Sub-Saharan Africans live in poverty and 60 percent of those African’s are youth (Miller). Terrorist organizations, civil, religious, and ethnic militias can move in an supply some form of stability for the people in Sub-Saharan Africa, especially the youth. The militia and terrorist groups offer these struggling youths with goods, services, and opportunities to survive while living in poverty. One of the major groups in Sub-SaharanRead MoreThe Food Security Challenge For A Growing Population Essay4162 Words   |  17 Pagespursues other needs of clothing and shelter. The Food security challenge for a growing population was an alarm raised by Thomas Robert Malthus in â€Å"An Essay on the Principle of Population†, to bring our consciousness to the topic of the food crisis in Nigeria. When Malthus posed the challenge of feeding the world population, there were around 900 million, but now we have 7.2 billion people on the planet and with the global population continuing to grow by around 75 million people per year, the challengeRead MoreThe Development Of Health Care System Essay1191 Words   |  5 Pagesachieving MDGs targets. Data were collected from the 2006 and 2012 DHS studies, the National Institute of Statistic (INS) and latest reports of international organizations implicated in the improvement of health care system. MDG 1: eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Recurring floods and droughts affect agricultural productivity and food security in Niger while eighty percent of the population depends on agriculture. According to the 2014 nutrition survey using SMART (Standardized Monitoring and AssessmentRead MoreThe Health Issues Of Hiv / Aids2570 Words   |  11 Pagesdisease. (S. Richard 2012). In Nigeria HIV/AIDS, TB (tuberculosis) and malaria are still main public health issues facing the country today. Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa with more than 169 million people; according to (WHO data 2012), â€Å"It is nation made of more than 250 ethnic groups, 36 states, 380 languages, and a diverse range of cultural and religious beliefs and practices’’ (cited in CDC; global public health; WHO 2014). The Health issues in Nigeria are very changeling with noRead MoreThe Ethical Regulation Of Transnational Food Companies And Implement Strategies That Promote Healthy Diets846 Words   |  4 Pagessystems will be spent on treating these chronic diseases. Also, the accompanying learning disabilities lead to poor school performance producing a poorly educated, unhealthy society which perpetuates poverty and hinders economic growth. The role of transnational food companies in increasing childhood obesity The economic growth due to globalization has increased the purchasing power of emerging economies (China, Brazil, South Africa, Indonesia, India, Nigeria, Mà ©xico, Turkey etc.) making them

A Brief Note On The Social Work Profession - 1888 Words

Profession of Social Work Many reasons and motivations have caused me to choose a career in social work. This paper critically describes and defines the Social Work Profession, including person-in-environment approach, and emphases of social justice, human rights, and cultural competency. This paper looks at the first text Social Diagnosis (1917) an important historical event in social work. I will describe two key Social Work Organizations and the reason they are key. This paper explores the many facets social work provides through core values and the most crucial to ethical practice. Finally, I will describe my career goals and interest, including a social concern, area of practice, general, and specific, and population. Social Work Profession Barker (2003) defined social work as â€Å"the professional practice of helping individuals, families, groups, and/or communities in increasing their ability to function† (p. 408). â€Å"The social work profession promotes social change, problem solving in human relationships, and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being. Utilizing the theories of human behavior and social systems, social work intervenes at the points where people interact with their environment† (Barker, 2003). Person-in-Environment Social work’s person-in-environment perspective describes the area in which social workers carry out their practice. According to the Social Work Dictionary (Barker, 2003) defined person-in-environment as â€Å"aShow MoreRelatedOrthodox Sociological Understandings of Work, Employment and Professions1572 Words   |  7 PagesUnderstandings of Work, Employment and Professions There is a wealth of sociological literature concerned with understanding work, employment and the professions but until recently there has been little concern with women and work. For many years, sociologists concentrated on the work of white males and on paid employment. But since the Second World War there has been a gradual increase of women entering the labour market thus creating an interest in the work carried out byRead MoreThe Development of Counseling and Psychotherapy1862 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction It is important to note from the onset that though the development of theories relating to counseling and psychotherapy was still taking place at the beginning of the 20th century, it is believed that the foundation for the same was laid long before this period. In that regard, Sigmund Freuds contribution to the counseling and psychotherapy field cannot be overstated especially when it comes to the study of the human mind. In this text, I concern myself with counseling and psychotherapyRead MoreThe At The Training And Completed A University Approved Informed Consent1237 Words   |  5 PagesResults One hundred and four students volunteered for the training and completed a university-approved informed consent. Sample characteristics, previous experience with older adults, and primary reason for choosing specialty in gero-social work are presented in Table 1. The mean age was 27 years (range of 23-52 yrs.) and a majority were female participants. A significant number had prior volunteer experience with older persons. Field internships varied from medical surgery units to specialty unitsRead MoreHuman Services889 Words   |  4 PagesAnswers Below: can take to make your education a priority.* Please note: your responses are for informational purposes only and will not affect your continued enrollment in the program. * In order to keep balance between juggling college, work, and family obligations I have set a schedule that I stick with weekly. I have the same weekly schedule for work, then I have an allotted time set aside each day for my school work and studies, and then there is the family time. I also spend wednesdayRead MoreThe Profession Of Social Work1253 Words   |  6 PagesThe profession of Social Work introduced itself to me at a very tender age. My personal interest in the social work field was solidified when I lived with my paternal aunt and her abusive ex-husband. At age 13, my traits of compassion, empathy and patience allowed me to mentor and guide my aunt when she was most vulnerable. For the past half decade, I have maintained a constant and consistent path to social work, with the hope to obtain my LCSW (licensed clinical social worker) and empower our mostRead MoreReserch Proposal Example1307 Words   |  6 PagesDeveloping Research Proposals Handout Prepared by Ted Zorn, University of Waikato This is a handout I often give to students when I expect them to provide a research proposal for a course project. That is, it’s intended for fairly brief proposals, not a prospectus for a masters or doctoral thesis. It gives students an example of the sort of thing I want, plus some commentary (in italics) about what I’m expecting in each section. I sometimes change the particular example given, in orderRead MoreStudying Law And The Attainment Of Sound Legal958 Words   |  4 Pagescombined with a boundless ambition has emboldened me to work as diligently as ever before. The fruit of extensive legal reading became apparent during the preparation of an appellate brief for Legal Research and Writing in the spring of this year. The experience of reading and briefing sometimes archaic and arduous cases throughout the year was consequentially instrumental in the speedy completion of researching case law for the appellate brief. What is more, the analytical methodologies andRead MoreA Situational Analysis of Shared Leadership in a Self-Managing Team1154 Words   |  5 PagesTo: Ted Zorn From: Chris Student Date: 1 April 2003 Subject: Research proposal Proposed Research Topic: A situational analysis of shared leadership in a self-managing team [provide a brief description or a descriptive title or a research question] Purposes: Alvesson (1996) claims that a situational approach enables leadership to be viewed and studied as â€Å"a practical accomplishment† (p. 476) rather than starting with a conceptualisation of leadership as whatever the appointed leader doesRead MoreWomen s Rights For Women1627 Words   |  7 Pagesimplicit bias and social schemas, gender stereotypes, and structural/social hierarchies amongst genders. Implicit biases and social schemas have a major impact on the employment of women either making it difficult for them to obtain a job or work in a fair environment. This makes it problematic and discouraging for women entering STEM fields which widens the gender gap. As defined by Handelsman and Sakraney (n.d.), implicit bias is â€Å"expectations or assumptions about physical or social characteristicsRead MoreAnalysis Of Michael J. Ackerman Et Al Privacy, Mhealth, And Social Media919 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Privacy, mHealth, and Social Media,† brought up an important question; can you ethically look up a troubling patient on social media in order to get information that did not add up during your patient interview? (Ackerman, 2013). Resulting from HIPAA only covering providers and not patients, medical information given away on social media by an individual has waved their right to privacy, giving all users access to the information posted (Ackerman, 2013). It is import ant for social media users to understand

Effects of Capital Structure on Profitability of a Firm

Question: Discuss the Effects of Capital Structure on Profitability of a Firm. Answer: Introduction Capital structure is the combination of debt and equity finance that a company utilizes in its operations that involves a mixture of various securities. Generally, companies can opt for alternative ways of raising capital. Some of the methods of raising capital include warrants, issue convertible bonds, or swapping trading bonds. In addition, firms can choose numerous types in order to maximize its market value (Abor, 2005). According to Azhagaiah and Gavoury (2011), the firms best choice is a mix of equity and debt finance to fund its capital operations. In situations where interest is not taxable, firms would be undecided as to whether to seek equity or debt financing whereas when interest is taxable company owners would seek maximization of the companys value by fully utilizing debt finance. Agency costs arise from use of debt financing. An agency cost is the association between the shareholders and the managers of the firm and that between the owners of debt and the shareholders (Jensen and Meckling, 1976). According to the pecking order theory, companies may opt to sell equity when there is an over-valuation in the market. This is based on the hypothesis that the managers will opt for the current shareholders concerns (Myers, 1984; Chittenden et al., 1996). Accordingly, they deny issuing under-valued shares unless the transfer value from the initial shareholders to the new ones covers the NPV of the prospect of growth. Abor (2005) concludes that new shares are issued only when the price is high than that of the real market value of the shares. Consequently, investors infer equity issuance as a sign of overpricing. In situations where external funding is indispensable, the firm will choose secured debt as opposed to debt that is risky and as such, firms issue ordinary share as a last option (Ibid). 2005) Settling on an erroneous combination of capital structure serious affects the firms performance and its survival is thereby threatened. Therefore, a companys decision to choose financing options involves a variety of policy decisions that may be beyond the control of the board of directors. Such decisions may jumpstart stock securities growth, determination of share prices as well as price regulation and interest rate. The decisions made affect capital structure, corporate governance and firm growth at the grass root level (Green et al ,2002). Booth et al. (2001) and Bas et al.(2009) postulate that awareness of capital structure strategies have relied on developed economies since they possess similar institutions. Distinct social and cultural aspects need to be investigated since levels of economic advancement contribute to how a firm chooses its capital structure. As such, this study will endeavor to establish the effects of capital structure on profitability by examining the factors that influence capital structure decisions for firms in Australias such this paper attempted to determine the effect of profitability, firm size and liquidity on capital structure... Literature review: The idea of capital structure and its relationship with profitability and firm value has always been a subject of debate among scholars. Various researchers affirm that there exists a good combination of capital structure to a firms unique needs while others argue that the degree of debt finance is not important to determine the profitability of a company. Hence, the concept of capital structure is arguably debatable. According to Brealey and Myers (2003) the selction of capital structure is fundamentally a problem associated with marketing. They argue that a firm may issue various mixtures of capital strategies but should also try to seek specific capital mix that maximizes the value of shares. Wald and Brigham (1992) add that the optimal capital structure is one that will maximize the value of shares. The capital structure concept provided an opportunity for various theories to be formulated (Modigliani Miller, 1958). In situations where a firm is new or is a going concern, it needs funds for its daily operations to achieve success. The funds sought are for the daily operations of the firm and or expansion of the company. This indicates the importance of capital in the life cycle of a company (Azhagaiah Gavoury, 2011). When capital is acquired especially from external sources, it becomes a concern to the business because it is other parties funds that are utilized that need to be compensated while the company derives full benefit from those funds. In such a case, such finances become a liability to the firm in their books of accounts (Ibid). Myers (2001) notes that there is no universally accepted theory on the choice of a firm choosing between debt and equity finance but notes that some theories have endeavored to expound on capital structure combination. He cites the trade-off theory that states, Firms seek debt levels that balance the tax advantages of additional debt against the costs of possible financial distress. The way a company funds its operations is determined by its capital structure. This can be between a choice of debt finance or equity finance (David, 1979). The theory of capital structure is attributable to Modigliani and Miller who concluded that the way a firm finances its operations has no effect on its value and that the value is not connected to the firms funding strategy. Other theories have been suggested to explain capital structure. Notably the pecking order theory, life cycle theory and the trade-off theory that have continuously been the bone of contention among critics. Interest rates are costs associated with borrowing for a specific period of time. Interest rates are normally pegged on the prevailing inflation of an economy hence a major issue for a firm when choosing capital structure strategy. Research suggests that interest rates have an effect on the firms choice of capital. According Jalilvand and Harris study of 1984 in the United States results obtained suggested that firms funding decisions are intertwined and that the size of the firm, interest rate situations and levels of stock price affect the rate of adjustment to capital structure suggesting that they are manipulated by it. According to Singh (1993), an interest rates increase, investment reduces and as interest reduces, investment activities are revamped. This may mean utilizing more debt finance. Singh concluded therefore, that there is an association between investment, utilization of debt finance and interest rate. In his study of the relationship between capital structure and profitability of listed non-financial firms in Kenya, Kinyua (2014) using regression analysis revealed that a firms profitability (using return on equity ROE as an independent variable) had a positive relationship with short-term debt. In another study, Githire and Muturi, (2015) found the short-term debt had a significant negative correlation with performance of the firm. They used the explanatory non-experimental research model using multiple regression to test and test the hypotheses. Accordingly, the empirical studies cited above found conflicting results of the relationship between capital structure and profitability based on different economies (developing or developed) and or methodologies used. For instance Kebwars study of 2014 on the effect of debt on corporate profitability using the French service sector, examined the influence of debt on profitability by using Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) on an unequal panel consisting of 2,240 French firms for the period 1999 to 2006. His analysis involved examining the linear and non-linear effect by approximating a quadratic model that considers the square of debt variable in the regression equation. The results of the study showed that there neither a linear nor a non-linear relationship between debt and profitability. This further evidenced Baum et al, (2007) study on American firms. However, Nima et al (2012) had found a significant relationship between profitability as the dependent variable replaced by ret urn of equity (ROE) and total debt. They studied Tehran Stock Exchange firms between 2006 and 2011 by measuring performance using gross profit margin, return on assets (ROA) and Tobins Q and three-capital structure ratios that included total debt ratios as independent variables. Similarly, Arbabiyan and Safari, (2009) investigated the effect of capital structure on profitability by using 100 Iranian listed firms from 2001 to 2007 and found that total debt is positively related to profitability proxied by ROE. These differing results and others not cited have prompted the researcher investigate further the effects of capital structure on the profitability of a firm. In addition, no current study has been done in Australia on the effects of capital structure on profitability therefore prompting the researcher to undertake this study. Research questions The study will be guided by the following research questions; What is the effect of long-term debt on profitability of firms listed at Australian Securities Exchange (ASX)? What is the effect of short-term debt on profitability of firms listed at Australian Securities Exchange (ASX)? What is the effect of total debt on profitability of firms listed at Australian Securities Exchange (ASX)? Research Hypotheses H0: There is no significant effect of long-term debt and profitability of firms listed at Australian Securities Exchange (ASX). H0: There is no significant effect of short-term debt on profitability of firms listed at Australian Securities Exchange (ASX). H0: There is no significant effect of total debt on profitability of firms listed at Australian Securities Exchange (ASX). Description of the Research Process Methodology As opined by Flick (2015) while conducting a research, it is important for the researcher to select the right methodology of research. It can be identified as one of the major prerequisites of successful achievement of the declared research outcome. This study will utilize data derived from the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) website and published financial statements of joint stock companies listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) 2011-2015. Financial sector including banks and insurance companies will be excluded from this study as they differ from non- financial firms as Diamond and Rajan (2000a) point out, bank assets and functions are not the same as those of industrial firms. In reality, banks and insurance companies are controlled by regulations such as rules of depositing minimum capital. The researcher will use the following variables listed in the table below adopted from Madah et al (n.d). 1 ROE Return on Equity Dependent Variable 2 LDA Long Term Debt Independent Variable 3 SDA Short Term Debt 4 TD Total Debt 5 FIRM SIZE Log of Sales Control Variable 6 SG Sales Growth Table 1: Research Dependent, Independent, and Extraneous Variables Source: Adopted from Madah et al. Project Plan Figure 1 below shows the project plan with the various timelines with milestones for each process that will take place. Figure 1: Gantt chart Research process Figure 2 below depicts the entire research process. Figure 2: The Research Process Source: Developed by the Researcher (2016) Data collection and analysis Sample The sample size will be from all the firms listed in Australian Securities Exchange excluding banks and insurance firms. Technique: The study will be carried out using a longitudinal research design, utilizing secondary quantitative data. This type of research design involves a researcher conducting numerous observations of the same cases over a period normally for several years. It is a study that involves examining data for a long period (Cooper Schindler, 2003). The study will rely purely on accounting data of firms listed at Australian Securities Exchange (ASX). Analysis: Descriptive statistics will be carried out on the quantitative data by measuring the mean, median, mode and the standard deviation. Inferential statistics will be used to determine the cause and effect between the independent variables (Long-term debt, short-term debt and total debt) and the dependent variable (profitability). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) will be used for the extraneous variables which is this case will be sales growth and firm size. ANOVA will assist the researcher determine whether there is an association between the variables and if so, whether it is significant. This will be done by observing the p-value and where it is less than alpha level of 0.05 we will reject the null hypotheses. The researcher will also adapt the Madah et al two models One will determine the association between all the variables while the other will be a regression model. Multiple regression analysis will be used to determine the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable and whether the relationship is significant to reject or retain the null hypotheses. This type of analysis will be chosen since it will also reveal the degree of variability between the dependent and independent variables. An alpha or significance level of 5% (0.05) will be preferred throughout the analysis. The results of regression analysis 1203 observations of 201 firms .The regression formula adapted from Madah et al for the analysis will be: ROE it = 0 + 1 (LDA it) + 2 (SIZE it) + 3 (SG it) + ROE it = 0 + 1 (SDA it) + 2 (SIZE it) + 3 (SG it) + ROE it = 0 + 1 (DA it) + 2 (SIZE it) + 3 (SG it) + Where: ROE i,t is EBIT divided by equity for firm i in time t; LDA i,t is long term debt divided by the total capital for firm i in time t; SDA i,t is short term debt divided by the total capital for firm i in time t; TD i,t is total debt divided by the total capital for firm i in time t; SIZE i,t is total debt divided by the total capital for firm i in time t; SG i,t is total debt divided by the total capital for firm i in time t; and is the error term. Expected outcome: As the literature review shows, there are different outcomes of results on the effect of capital structure on profitability. The results of the current study are expected to shed more light in inconclusive debate of effects of capital structure on profitability of firms. The results will be beneficial to different stakeholders key among them the firm owners, stockholders, lending institutions and various government institutions. It will also provide a reference point for other researchers to explore further the effects of capital structure on profitability. As studied from the literature review it can be expected that a sheer impact of the advertisements on the customers buying decision will be established. The first hypotheses can be expected to be supported by the research outcomes. The result will provide a light on the factors those can be manipulated by the advertisements and it can be surly utilized by the entrepreneurs and future studies. References and Bibliography Arbabiyan, Ali-Akbar Safari, Mehdi, (2009). The effect of capital structure on profitability in the listed firms in Tehran Stock Exchange. Journal of Management Perspective, 33: 159-175. Azhagaiah, Ramachandran and Gavoury, C., (2011). The Impact of Capital Structure on Profitability with Special Reference to IT Industry in India Managing Global Transitions 9 (4), pp. 371392. Baum, C.F., Schafer, D. and Talavera, O., (2007). The Effect of Short-Term Liabilities on Profitability: The Case of Germany, Money Macro and Finance (MMF) Research Group Conference 2006, 61. Brealey, R. A., Myers, S. C. (2003). Principles of Corporate Finance. Boston: Mc Graw Hill. Brigham, E., and Gapenski, L., (1996). Financial Management. Dallas, Dryden Press. Cooper Schindler, D.R., (2003). Business Research Methods, (8th Edition). New York, NY. McGraw-Hill. Diamond, D. W. and Rajan, R. (2000): A theory of bank capital, Journal of Finance, 55, pp. 243 2465. Fischer, E.O., Heinkel, R. Zechner, J., (1989). Dynamic capital structure choice: Theory and tests. The Journal of Finance, 44(1), 19-40. Flick, U. (2015) Introducing research methodology: A beginners guide to doing a research project. London, United Kingdom: SAGE Publications. Githire, C. Muturi, W., (2015). Effects Of Capital Structure On Financial Performance Of Firms In Kenya: Evidence From Firms Listed At The Nairobi Securities Exchange. Available online from https://ijecm.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/3427.pdf Jalilvand, A., Harris, R.S., (1984). Corporate behavior in adjusting to capital structure and dividend targets: An econometric study. The Journal of Finance, 39(1), 127-145. Kinyua, N.K.G., (2014). The Relationship Between Capital Structure And Profitability Of Listed Non-Financial Firms In Kenya. Kodongo, Mokoaleli-Mokoteli and Maina, (2014). Capital structure, profitability and firm value: Panel evidence of listed firms in Kenya. Modigliani, F., Miller, M. (1958). The cost of capital,corporate finance and the theory of investment. American Economic Review , 261-97. Myers, S.C., (2001). Capital structure. Journal of Economic perspectives, 81-102. Nima, S.S., Mohammad, M.L., Saeed, S. Zeinab, T.A., (2012). Debt Policy and Corporate Performance:Empirical Evidence from Tehran Stock Exchange Companies.International Journal of Economics and Finance, 4 (11), 217-24. Singh, A., (1997). Financial liberalisation, stock markets and economic development. The Economic Journal, 107(442), 771-782. Wald, J. F., Brigham, E. F. (1992). Essentials of Managerial Finance. Hinsdale,IL: The Dryden Press.

Lessons from Invictus free essay sample

Lessons about Leadership The movie Invictus provides a plethora of lessons about good leadership. First, the movie teaches us about how a good leader leads by example. This is because he/she know how important it is to people look up to them. An example set by the leader helps to drive people ahead when they see that what they are being told to do is in fact possible. The second lesson that the movie teaches about leadership is that a leader does not delve in to the self-serving act of revenge. This is because he/she recognize that the needs of the many must come before his. The third lesson is that a leader has a lot of belief in the goodness of others. He/she truly believe that given a fair chance people can reform and turn for the good. The forth lesson that the movie teaches us is that a leader must have a lot of self-belief. We will write a custom essay sample on Lessons from Invictus or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As a result when faced with adversity a leader will never back down. In fact he/she will further strengthen their resolve a push forward even harder. The fifth lesson is that a leader know that he/she can alone work towards the fulfillment of the vision. Thus, when the need arises, a leader learns to trust the abilities of those who work for him by delegating. The sixth lesson that the movie teaches us is that a good leader give due importance to every one of his followers, no matter how seemingly small their role might be. This is because he/she know that every little bit matters and thus each individual must be give respect. The seventh lesson is that a leader must combine his /her vision with action as the leader realizes that a vision without it is impotent. The eight lesson the movie teaches is that a leader has a very clear vision about where he/she wants to go. This results in high self-belief and at times results in leaps of faith, when the situation demands it. The ninth lesson that the movie teaches us is that a leader is humble both in victory and defeat. This is particularly true in victory where he/she never claims the victory for him/her self but rather a victory for all. The final lesson that I have learned from this movie is that a true leader is truly passionate about his/her vision. Thus a leader is all about self-sacrifice for the fulfillment of his/her goals, despite all odds and adversities.

Founding Brothers Summaries Essay Essay Example

Founding Brothers Summaries Essay Essay Example Founding Brothers Summaries Essay Essay Founding Brothers Summaries Essay Essay Essay Topic: O Brother Where Foreword The foreword of Establishing Brothers sets up the historical context and temper for the undermentioned chapters. seting an accent on the American Revolution. and its significance and inevitableness. After the revolutions the amazing success and America’s release from Great Britain. no 1 was certain America could keep its ain for long. It had non yet established an active authorities and was deemed probably by many to fall apart into single provinces. However. the founding â€Å"fathers† were determined to hold America survive as a successful state. so they initiated the Constitutional Convention in 1787 during which the American Constitution was created. : Chapter 1 the Duel The first chapter of the novel pertains to the conflict between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton. One forenoon in the summer of 1804. the two conducted a affaire dhonneur near Weehawken. New Jersey following the codification duello. It resulted in the decease of Hamilton which accordingly tainted Burr’s repute. Hamilton was shot and killed by one of two shootings that were fired. In the wake. two narratives were known amongst the populace: the Hamilton version and the Burr version. The Hamilton version is that Burr was the first to fire and Hamilton impetuously fired into the air upon being shooting. The Burr version is that Hamilton fired foremost. intentionally losing. and after about four or five seconds. Burr fired that fatal shooting that killed Hamilton. who outright fell to the land. Although this version was about undoubtedly incorrect. it was slightly of a consensus amongst the populace. Ironically. the Burr version is more credible because it contains the interruption between the two shootings upon which was both sides agreed. hence doing Hamilton’s automatic shooting extremely implausible. The affaire dhonneur was the consequence of Hamilton piquing Burr and so declining to apologise. Chapter 2 the Dinner The chapter’s 2nd chapter goes back to the eighteenth century. before the events of the predating chapter. Ellis tells Thomas Jefferson’s history of a dinner he held at his place in mid-June of 1790. He invited Alexander Hamilton and James Madison to discourse the hereafter location of the nation’s capital. This subject was supplemented by conversations sing the economic crisis of the times. The dinner led to a via media between Madison and Hamilton. Madison would non oppose Hamilton’s fiscal program in exchange for Hamilton’s support of the capital’s hereafter location to be along the Potomac River. However. Ellis proposes that this via media was non merely the consequence of the individual dinner but instead several treatments. George Washington decided that America’s capital would be established east of Georgetown and was named Washington D. C. after Washington himself. Having originally promised it would be in propinquity of the Pennsylvania boundary line. the cardinal street was named Pennsylvania Avenue in order to pacify defeated Pennsylvanians. Chapter 3 The Silence The 3rd chapter of the fresh involves a outstanding difference that about broke apart the immature state. This statement was a consequence of requests presented to the House of Representatives a few months prior to Jefferson’s dinner by two Quaker deputations naming for the terminal of the African slave trade. Those in favour of keeping bondage in the United States were chiefly the southern provinces. particularly Georgia. represented by James Jackson. and South Carolina. represented by William Loughton Smith. They argued that Congress should disregard the requests because the Constitution prohibited authorities action on the slave trade until 1808 anyhow and that it was simply and try to accomplish emancipation. They even took it so far as to endanger to win if the affair was non openly discussed. No 1 in the House took the enterprise to rebut the South’s allegations and this silence is what the chapter’s rubric refers to. In the terminal. there was no existent national consequence. In order to stop this difference. James Madison passed a ballot from the House to amend the Constitution so that Congress would hold no authorization to interfere with bondage. Chapter 4 Farewell This chapter focuses on George Washington’s farewell reference and therefore his formal decline to function a 3rd term as president. Despite holding been partly written in coaction with Alexander Hamilton and James Madison. Washington’s farewell reference included his and merely his hopes for the hereafter of the United States. Amongst the points that he stressed were the demand for national integrity. the danger of partiality and party political relations. and the foreign policy of neutrality and diplomatic independency from the disruptive events happening in Europe at the clip. Thankss to Washington. go forthing office after two footings became customary for wining presidents. except for Franklin D. Roosevelt who served three full footings and died during his 4th. In 1951. the 22nd Amendment made it jurisprudence that a president may merely function at most two footings. America was by and large saddened by the retirement of such a great leader as George Washington. f or he was seen by the population as a virtually god-like figure. Chapter 5 The Confederates After the retirement of George Washington. the two prima campaigners for the presidential term were John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. both good friends and great rivals. However. Adams was a Federalist and Jefferson was a Republican. and the two parties were going progressively counter towards each other. In 1796. John Adams was officially elected president and Jefferson vice-president. Since they were from different parties. they had different dockets for their clip in office. At dinner with Washington in 1797. Jefferson informed Adams that he was non interested in fall ining his cabinet and the Republican Party did non mean to partake in the peace deputation Adams was directing to France. From so on Adams neer once more addressed Jefferson’s inclusion in policy devising determinations. In the 1800 election. the presidential term was won by Jefferson with Aaron Burr as the vice-president. After the election. Adams and Jefferson did non talk to one another for 12 long old ages. Chapter 6 Friendship The book’s reasoning chapter one time once more pertains to John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. After 12 old ages of silence between the two they eventually began to restore their friendly relationship through missive correspondence initiated by Adams that would last until their deceases. They both put forth a noticeable attempt to accommodate and their long-held regard for each other overcame the resentment from their past differences. The missive correspondence consisted of 158 letters stoping in 1826 when both work forces died. On the 50th day of remembrance of American independency in 1826. both Jefferson and Adams died within about five hours of each other.

What Redshift Reveals About an Object

What Redshift Reveals About an Object When stargazers look up at the night sky, they see light. Its an essential part of the universe that has traveled across great distances. That light, formally called electromagnetic radiation, contains a treasury of information about the object it came from, ranging from its temperature to its motions. Astronomers study light in a technique called spectroscopy. It allows them to dissect it down to its wavelengths to create whats called a spectrum. Among other things, they can tell if an object is moving away from us. They use a property called a redshift to describe the motion of an objects moving away from each other in space. Redshift occurs when an object emitting electromagnetic radiation recedes from an observer. The light detected appears redder than it should be because it is shifted toward the red end of the spectrum. Redshift is not something anyone can see. Its an effect that astronomers measure in light by studying its wavelengths.   How Redshift Works An object (usually called the source) emits or absorbs electromagnetic radiation of a specific wavelength or set of wavelengths. Most stars give off a wide range of light, from visible to infrared, ultraviolet, x-ray, and so on. As the source moves away from the observer, the wavelength appears to stretch out or increase. Each peak is emitted farther away from the previous peak as the object gets recedes. Similarly, while the wavelength increases (gets redder) the frequency, and therefore the energy, decreases. The faster the object recedes, the greater its redshift. This phenomenon is due to the doppler effect. People on Earth are familiar with Doppler shift in pretty practical ways. For example, some of the most common applications of the doppler effect (both redshift and blueshift) are police radar guns. They bounce signals off of a vehicle and the amount of redshift or blueshift tells an officer how fast its going. Doppler weather radar tells forecasters how fast a storm system is moving. The use of Doppler techniques in astronomy follows the same principles, but instead of ticketing galaxies, astronomers use it to learn about their motions.   The way astronomers determine redshift (and blueshift) is to use an instrument called a spectrograph (or spectrometer) to look at the light emitted by an object. Tiny differences in the spectral lines show a shift toward the red (for redshift) or the blue (for blueshift). If the differences show a redshift, it means the object is receding away. If theyre blue, then the object is approaching. The Expansion of the Universe In the early 1900s, astronomers thought that the entire universe was encased inside our own  galaxy, the Milky Way. However, measurements made of other galaxies, which were thought to be simply nebulae inside our own, showed they were really  outside of the Milky Way. This discovery was made by astronomer Edwin P. Hubble, based on measurements of variable stars by another astronomer named  Henrietta Leavitt.   Furthermore, redshifts (and in some cases blueshifts) were measured for these galaxies, as well as their distances. Hubble  made the startling discovery that the farther away a galaxy is, the greater its redshift appears to us. This correlation is now known as Hubbles Law. It helps astronomers define the expansion of the universe.   It also shows that the farther away objects are from us, the faster they are receding. (This is true in the broad sense, there are local galaxies, for instance, that are moving towards us due to the motion of our Local Group.)   For the most part, objects in the universe are receding away from each other and that motion can be measured by analyzing their redshifts. Other Uses of Redshift in Astronomy Astronomers can use redshift to determine the motion of the Milky Way. They do that by measuring the Doppler shift of objects in our galaxy. That information reveals how other stars and nebulae are moving in relation to Earth. They can also measure the motion of very distant galaxies - called high redshift galaxies.   This is a rapidly growing field of astronomy. It focuses not just on galaxies, but also on other other objects, such as the sources of  gamma-ray bursts. These objects have a very high redshift, which means they are moving away from us at tremendously high velocities. Astronomers assign the letter z to redshift. That explains why sometimes a story will come out that says a galaxy has a redshift of z1 or something like that. The earliest epochs of the universe lie at a z of about 100.   So, redshift also gives astronomers a way to understand how far away things are in addition to how fast they are moving.   The study of distant objects also gives astronomers a snapshot of the state of the universe some 13.7 billion years ago. Thats when cosmic history began with the Big Bang. The universe not only appears to be expanding since that time, but its expansion is also accelerating. The source of this effect is dark energy,  a not-well-understood part of the universe. Astronomers using redshift to measure cosmological (large) distances​ find that the acceleration has not always been the same throughout cosmic history. The reason for that change is still not known and this effect of dark energy remains an intriguing area of study in cosmology (the study of the origin and evolution of the universe.) Edited by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Platos Theory of Knowledge Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Platos Theory of Knowledge - Term Paper Example The final theory that he arrived at was that knowledge is true belief which has been â€Å"given an account of† – which means some kind of an explanation of definition has been provided of it. The theory of knowledge being justified true belief says that if one is to know that some scheme is indeed correct, the person should not just simply think it to be true but he should be having a logical excuse for that. One effect resulting from such an idea is that one would not be gaining knowledge simply because he believes something that was true. Platonic Version Plato’s theory of knowledge has been given in Theaetetus and it proves to be a substitute to the theory that Protagoras had proposed. Plato’s theory depicts reality to be the standard and belief and perception can be measured against it. It is how we perceive reality that leads to the creation of belief. One thing to consider here, before moving ahead, is that Plato’s theory of knowledge happens to be a theory of error as well as there is always a possibility of misperceiving reality and leading to an incorrect belief. Another thing is that there is no similarity between true belief and knowledge, although there could be a true belief merely through luck. For there to be an honest and actual knowledge of reality there is a requirement of there being a correct belief as well as enough proof for that belief. Plato has acknowledged that justification and belief do not have any real relation with each other. There cannot be any perfect way of making sure that the proof we have is enough. The history of philosophy has divulged several struggles undertaken for the correction of this absence. Scientific method is a system of building evidence by testing belief against observation (perception).   This was the account of Plato. Protagorean relativism says: Of all things the measure is Man, of the things that are, that they are, and of the things that are not, that they are not (L loyd and Pellegrin 204) According to Plato a theory by Protagoras was the basis of this statement and it considers that knowledge and perception are one and same (Schmitt 11). Plato pointed out that the implication drawn from this statement is that there is no difference between appearance and truth and a person can never say what he knows is wrong. As a metaphor, someone healthy and fine would find a wine to be sweet but the same person, when unwell, might find the very same wine to taste bitter. The truth of the matter is that the wine is not sweet of bitter in itself; the taste arises just when the person perceives it to be such and such due to certain circumstances. Actually, there is no permanent, immortal, truth at all. The reality comes into being and forms into objects and features when the person acts on it after having perceived it. There is a notion of our minds creating our own reality. This idea is quite popular in the current world and literature and besides this even in the modern accounts of constructivist educational theory. Knowledge as Perception If we bring out a comparison between this concept of knowledge and the one that Plato suggested through his theory we would find them to be extremely different; in fact, they are opposing each other in many ways. Protagorean theory is known as Relativism due to the fact that knowledge and being itself holds its dependency on relations that exist

Initiative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Initiative - Essay Example If ever this would be implemented, then this is would be the first law of the United States which allows marijuana legally for personal consumption. Although marijuana was allowed in the state strictly for medical use more than a decade ago, still allowing it for personal consumption is another matter. Those who advocate the passing of the initiative into a law argue that the tax would greatly benefit the state which is currently suffering from the economic crisis. According to Weber ( 2010) â€Å"supporters say state-run studies have found that taxes on marijuana could raise as much as $1.4 billion in annual revenue†. This would really help the ailing economy as Governor Schwarzenegger announces for a second round of tax breaks for new home buyers in order to boost the housing industry. Somehow, the additional income would be a welcome relief for the government. "It was very easy," the initiatives main proponent, Richard Lee, told the paper. "People were eager to sign. We heard they were ripping the petitions out of peoples hands to do it."(qtd.from Marijuana Legalization Could End Up in Ballot, 2005). However, not all sectors of society are happy about these developments since law enforcers as well prosecutors believe that legalization would produce more problems for society. This would involve drug-related crimes and it would be too late then to arrest the problem when the use of marijuana becomes legal. Definitely, use of marijuana promotes negative externalities which can also become a precedent for legalizing other vices in society. It is still the government’s accountability and responsibility to balance the advantages and disadvantages of a public policy. The public policy reflects the core values of a society. Although the benefit of providing more income for the government is utilitarian and practical, still, traditional sectors uphold moral ethics. Besides, the

Ebooks Are Inferior to Real Books Essay Example for Free

Ebooks Are Inferior to Real Books Essay Good evening chairperson, ladies and gentleman. It is one thing to down load an eBooks and read it at your convenience but is this experience the same as lying out on the beach reading the latest publication from your favourite novelist with the worry of the device failing | 2. Your expensive device may be stolen while you’re in the surf or sand could enter your devices interface. Ladies and Gentlemen reading from an eBook is simply not the same as reading from a physical printed book as all electronic devices are subject to failures. 3. The topic before us this evening is that â€Å"eBooks are inferior to real books† Not one member of the affirmative team will deny that eBooks have been a great innovation however there are many disadvantages associated with the use of eBooks which would support our team’s argument that traditional books are superior and therefore by definition eBooks are inferior. | 4. We as the Affirmative team define eBooks as electronic copies of books, usually read through an e-reader or computer and real books as physical printed paper copies of books. Tonight we will be discussing this on two key levels: I will discuss the social aspects and my second speaker Tom will address the disadvantages of eBooks from an economic perspective. | 5. Firstly I will address the inferior qualities of eBooks with regard to them denigrating the culture of reading and secondly the notion that print books promote a more holistic and equitable circumstance for people to have a greater access to literature both contemporary and traditional. | 6. Now to my first point, addressing print books and their significant contribution towards promoting a culture of reading. E-Readers are far less capable of presenting artistic illustrations in the same capacity as real books. | 7. Very complex, design-heavy books such as comics do not translate well into eBook format, and in many cases people in possession of older e-reader devices, fail to support all of the technologically advanced features that are included within newly released eBooks and e-readers. | 8. Ladies and Gentleman how are we to cultivate a love for books with future generations if all we have access to is unexciting and uninteresting, dull, black and white text. Think of the long held reading traditions which families employ when raising their children. | 9. Young children will always be interested in beautiful three dimensional illustrations adorned in colour and exciting imagery, not walls of text. The artistic value and interactivity of the children’s books we grew up with is something you certainly cannot replicate with an e-reader. | 10. This is a crucial part of the culture of reading that can and will engage our youth in reading from an early age. For centuries book lovers have enjoyed browsing the shelves in a book store, reading the blurbs and thumbing through the illustrations. This is an important part of the culture of reading, a culture promoted by print books and a culture degraded by eBooks. | 11. This is further vindicated as statistics from over 250 000 surveys conducted by Amazon have revealed that 55% precent of e-books purchased from the kindle or amazon online catalogue have been planned purchases and only 5% of buyers have actually browsed the online catalogue like you would in a real bookstore. | 12. Print books are often utilised for decorative purposes in a home. They can define ones interests’ and even a person’s profession, for example doctors and lawyers often have large libraries of books in their homes. Furthermore print books are often culturally and historically significant for various reasons, can form part of collections, or represent sentimental significance. Ebooks do not have that same utility. | 13. According to Jan Noyes and Kate Garland’s scientific report released in 2008 addressing the cognitive advantages and disadvantages of eBooks; it was discovered that screen reading was found to increase stress and exhaustion levels. Finally, the technology of an e-book can also prove to be a disincentive for prospective readers. | 14. Add to these, the health issues of eye strain, the anxiety of worrying about battery life, damaging the screen of a reading device, its lack of portability in extreme or remote environments, problems of viruses and software bugs and the incompatibility of formats across devices are not issues that the reader of traditional books encounter. | 15. RSI and long periods looking at a screen, plus the possibility that an e-book can be hacked and edited so that the original text could be censored or lack authenticity thus creating several more reasons why e-books can turn people off reading. | 16. All of these significant points refer to the culture of reading which is vital to society as we know it. This now brings me to my second argument that print books promote a more holistic and equitable circumstance for people to have a greater access to literature both contemporary and traditional. | 17. EBooks are often a non-inclusive medium as it is a significant financial investment for individuals to purchase an E-reader. It is difficult for people without substantial financial means to make that investment when their primary focus is directed at providing for their families and their needs. | 18. Traditional books are always more accessible to the general public, in many cases through a library. Libraries provide a free and easy way for people of all socio-economic backgrounds to access books of all varieties and in addition libraries can be accessed locally as there is one in most suburbs. 19. Also, opportunities to read are enhanced because books are a tangible asset that can be easily exchanged, passed on from generation to generation and discarded for other people to pick up cheaply at fetes, book fairs and second hand bookshops. | 20. They are also a valuable resource to be collected and donated to institutions, waiting rooms, schools and third world countries. In other wo rds making them accessible to the general population. Ladies and Gentleman you cannot do this with an eBook! | 21. The reliance of e-books on technology conjures the frightening prospect of a world without literature, recorded historical data, in fact, all of the knowledge and entertainment that is currently held in the traditional manuscript of books and digital media. | 22. What happens if the gadgets and software we need to decode e-books malfunctions, there is a lack of electricity or our digital world collapses? We need traditional books to protect future access to reading for everyone. | 23. Tonight Ladies and gentleman I have argued the social aspects of why eBooks are most definitely inferior to real books. 24. My first point tonight detailed how print books significantly contribute towards promoting a culture of reading whereas eBooks damage that culture and my second point addressed how print books, through libraries promote a more holistic and unified circumstance where it is much easier for people who have less, to gain a greater access to more. | 25. Ladies and gentleman when DVDâ₠¬â„¢s came out people thought that would be the end of cinema. There will always be a place for real books and if eBooks are such remarkable products why are we still publishing books? Comparing e-readers to books is similar to comparing a modern contemporary rock song to a cover, which is never as good as the original. | 26. Every now and again you might get a cover version of a song that is perceived as better than the original but generally speaking more often than not the cover is never as good as the original. You can manipulate it and improve it but when it all comes down to the crunch it is the original that stands the test of time. The same is true for the traditional book which will pass the test of time. |

Rheumatoid Arthritis Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic syndrome that is characterized by inflammation of the peripheral joints, but it may also involve the lungs, heart, blood vessels, and eyes. The prevalence of this autoimmune disease is between 0.3% to 1.5% of the population in the United States (Feinberg, pp 815). It affects women two to three times more often than men, and the onset of RA is usually between 25 and 50 years of age, but it can occur at any age (Reed, pp 584). RA can be diagnosed by establishing the presence of persistent joint pain, swelling in a symmetric distribution, and prolonged morning stiffness. RA usually affects multiple joints, such as the hands, wrists, knees, elbows, feet, shoulders, hips, and small hand joints. RA is usually characterized by the inflammation of the synovium, which lines the joints and tendon sheaths of the body.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The etiology of this disease is unknown. There are multiple factors involved in this disease, including autoimmune reactions and environmental factors. There is also a genetic predisposition that has been identified that can be related to the cause of RA. Rheumatoid arthritis develops as a result of an interaction of many factors. Much research is going on now to understand these factors and how they work together. Rheumatoid arthritis is one of several "autoimmune" diseases because a person's immune system attacks his or her own body tissues (Gordon, pp 16). A feature of rheumatoid arthritis is that it varies a lot from person to person. For some people, it lasts only a few months or a year or two and goes away without causing any noticeable damage. Other people have mild or moderate disease, with periods of worsening symptoms, called flares, and periods in which they feel better, called remissions. Still others have severe disease that is active most of the time , lasts for many years, and leads to serious joint damage and disability. Rheumatoid arthritis occurs in all races and ethnic groups. Although the disease often begins in middle age and occurs with increased frequency in older people, children and young adults also develop it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1987, the American Rheumatism Association developed seven criteria to define RA. First, morning stiffness in and around joints lasting at least one hour before improvement. Second, there is arthritis of three or more joint areas. Third, there is swelling of at least one ... ...person's tension can be released in more positive ways rather in a harmful manner towards himself/herself or towards others. The OT may also promote the person to participate in more social activities to get him or her to feel more competent and increase one's self-esteem.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Persons with arthritis often do not comply with treatment and management routines, so the Occupational therapist may need to provide him or her with good learning or teaching techniques. The OT must also share with the patient the expectations about treatment and management, encourage personal responsibility for his or her care, and maintain a relaxed environment to encourage communication with other professionals and loved ones. The OT must also be cautious of any other health concerns that may arise due to the progression of the illness or even side effects from the medications. There are so many affected by Rheumatoid Arthritis and it is a growing illness that has been seen across the United States. In the future of medicine, more and more research will be done to find the cure to this illness, but for now, such treatment like Occupational therapy will further advance the lives of those living with RA.

How to Make Strawberry Bannana Pancakes Essay

Is it early in the morning and your really hungry? Well there is a solution for that. By making the best Strwaberry Bannana Pancakes you ever had. There are very easy to make, and every one loves them. It only takes about fifteen easy minutes the most to make the pancakes. To Make Strawberry Bannana Pancakes the first thing you will need of course is strawberry’s and bannana’s. Next you will need flour, milk, butter, and a mixer. Then you will need a knife a stove, and a spachula. Finally you will need a plate and syrup. These are all the things that you need to make strawberry bannana pancakes. So this is the first step to make these delicious pancakes. Now that you have all the ingredients to make these delicious pancakes, you can now start. First of all you need a mixer. Then you pour the pancake mix, butter, and milk in the mixer bowl. So you put those three things in the mixer and press the power button to turn the mixer on. Now you have to wait about two minutes or until the batter looks kind of thick. Next you turn on the stove and put it on medium so not to hot or to low. Then you put the pan on the stove and let it heat up for about thirty seconds. After the pan heats up you pour the pancake batter on the pan and try to make like a little circle, so the shape can be like a pancake. Then you cut the strawberry’s and bannana’s and cut them in to little pieces. After you cut them up you can put the strawberry’s and bannana’s on to the pancake and let it cook with the pancake. Finally, you will see that the pancake’s are cooked and look delicious. Then you get your spachula and get the pancake’s and put it on your plate. Now you can add the final touch and put any kind of syrup you want on your pancake’s. After that you get your knife and fork and cut your pancake in to pieces and you will see the strawberry’s and bannana’s inside. Now you can finally eat them and enjoy your amazing Strawberry Bannana pancakes. I have finally taught you how to make these pancake’s step by step. Now that you know how to make these pancake’s you can enjoy them any time of the day, it doesn’t always have to be breakfest. I hope you loved the pancake’s, and every time you make them dont forget to add syrup at the end so the pancake’s could have a little taste of sweetness. So i taught you today every little thing of makinng strawberry bannana pancake’s. I hope you dont forget how to make the best pancake’s ever.

Meningitis

Tax payable at 20% over annual allowance of 1 0000 IN class 4 payable at 8% after allowance of 7956 IN class 2 payable weekly at E. 50 After research new child minders operate at 1/3 ‘occupancy' for the first year of trading , followed by 75% thereafter which must be factored into individual projections. 1. 6 My support networks will include: PEACE for training advice and support. Including recommended paperwork and contract help. Network coordinator and the Local Authority are helpful to advise about updates on latest training requirements and any policy updates.Health Visitors are invaluable to maintain current knowledge of young hillside's milestones' and to ensure healthy development. Parents nobody understands their own children like their parents, so it is imperative to have a good relationship with the most important people in their lives. Teachers spend the most time with school age children other than parents and keeping strong links with schools can be very helpful in ensuring that children are happy and settled. My family/relatives in order to maintain a good work/life balance keeping strong relationships with my own family and friends is really important.Childbearing groups/ Childbearing networks could be really helpful to share NY tips or difficulties around being a children and what that in tales, sharing joint experiences (whilst maintaining confidentiality) is useful for career progression. Training/ Publications and magazines such as Who Minds, Childcare websites and OFFSET is vital for staying updated with the latest policies and procedures whilst ensuring that the level of service provided is at the highest standard possible. 2. 1 Explain the Key components off healthy and safe home based environment.Key components; Nappies will be disposed of by sealing in nappy sacks and placing in a sole repose bin within the changing area until the end of day when they will be put into an outside wheelie bin. The changing mat will be wiped with appr opriate anti-bacterial cleaner following use. The children and I will wash hands following nappy changes/toilet breaks, before eating and after playing outside or following messy play. Plastic toys will be wiped if visibly dirty after play and washed in the dishwasher weekly (minimum).I will ensure any pet beds and cages are kept clean and away from any food preparation areas. Any pets will be appropriately vaccinated, roomed and flea protected following veterinary advice. Pet waste will be disposed in a sanitary way, and any litter boxes will not be accessible to the children. Children will not be able to play with any animals when unsupervised. When using any equipment I will ensure that it is age appropriate, in full working order and used according to the manufacturers guidance.I will ensure that plug sockets are covered, stairs are not accessible, children are aware Of evacuation procedures (if age appropriate) and my fire alarms and carbon monoxide detectors are fully working and regularly tested. When dealing with food in my home/setting the Five Keys to Safer Food are: (1) keep clean; (2) separate raw and cooked; (3) cook thoroughly; (4) keep food at safe temperatures; and (5) use safe water and raw materials. This includes using separate chopping boards for meat and Vega. Ensuring food is within its use by date and labeling food with dates when not kept in its original packaging.When considering illness in order to protect all of the children present any child with a rash should be considered infectious and assessed by their doctor. Chickenpox children will be asked to remain at home until all icicles have crusted over. Cold sores, (Herpes simplex) Avoid contact with the sores. Cold sores are generally mild and self-limiting. German measles Four days from onset of rash. Hand, foot and mouth. Will contact the local HIP if a large number of children are affected. Exclusion may be considered in some circumstances.Impetigo Until lesions are crusted and he aled, or 48 hours after starting antibiotic treatment Antibiotic treatment speeds healing and reduces the infectious period Measles* Four days from onset of rash Preventable by vaccination (MR. xx). Ringworm; Exclusion not usually required Treatment is squired Scabies Child can return after first treatment Household and close contacts require treatment Scarlet fever* Child can return 24 hours after starting appropriate antibiotic treatment Antibiotic treatment is recommended for the affected child Slapped cheek/fifth disease.Ovoviviparous None (once rash has developed) Shingles Exclude only if rash is weeping and cannot be covered. Can cause chickenpox in those who are not immune, ii have not had chickenpox. It is spread by very close contact and touch. Warts and overrule. Overrule should be covered in swimming pools, gymnasiums ND changing rooms Diarrhea and/or vomiting the child should remain at home for 48 hours from last episode of diarrhea or vomiting Conjunctivitis should be t reated on the advice of GAP. Diphtheria * Exclusion from setting is essential. Will contact the HIP. Preventable by vaccination.Your local PHEW centre will organize any contact tracing necessary Head lice, Treatment is recommended only in cases where live lice have been seen Hepatitis A* Exclude until seven days after onset of jaundice (or seven days after symptom onset if no jaundice) In an outbreak of apatite's A, the local PHEW centre will advise on control measures Hepatitis HIVE/AIDS are bloodstone viruses that are not infectious through casual contact. For cleaning of body fluid spills see: Good Hygiene Practice Macroeconomic meningitis*/ specialist* Until recovered Meningitis C is preventable by vaccination.There is no reason to exclude siblings or other close contacts of a child. Meningitis* due to other bacteria Until recovered Hip and phonological meningitis are preventable by vaccination. There is no reason to exclude siblings or other close contacts of a case. Meningitis viral* Milder illness; There is no reason to exclude siblings and other close contacts of a case. Contact tracing is not required MRS.; Good hygiene, in particular handshaking and environmental cleaning, are important to minimize any danger of spread.Mumps* Exclude child for five days after onset of swelling Preventable by vaccination (MR. xx doses) Toreadors; Treatment is recommended for the child and household contacts Tonsillitis; There are many causes, but most cases are due to viruses and do not need an antibiotic. Denotes a noticeable disease. It is a statutory requirement that actors report a noticeable disease to the proper officer of the local authority In case of any accident the first aid kit should be easily accessed and that the first eider should act in accordance to their training and contact medical professionals if required.An Accident/ Incident Record Book will be used to record any accidents and also to log any medication administered including any long term medi cation. Parents will sign a consent form regarding administration of medication and then afterwards to confirm that you have advised them that the medication has been administered this includes inhalers, diabetic injections etc. If a child has known allergies and is required to have access to an penne the correct training Will be undertaken to administer this if required, via Correct medical professional or SST Johns Ambulance training.Any child's allergies will be recorded and every possible effort will be made to avoid triggers, ensuring that ingredients are know if a food allergy, pet hairs are avoided if an allergy relating to animals, and if wayfarer I will be aware of the pollen count whilst planning activities, allergies will be managed with support from parents who are used to their child's allergy needs. . Explain the principles of safe supervision of children in the home based setting and off site Everyday activities; school pick ups, toddler groups, trips to the park, bea ch, shops, visits to swimming pools, zoo and beach, will all carry its own particular risks and supervision needs.

tycho brahe essays

tycho brahe essays Tycho Brahe was a sixteenth century Danish Astronomer. He revolutionized the study of astronomy before the invention of the telescope. He discovered information that was in disagreement with Aristotelian and Ptolemaic systems. He designed and built several instruments that recorded positions and measurements of the stars. Without his discoveries and observations we would be far behind where we are today in the study of the heavens. Brahe was born on December 14, 1546 in Skane Denmark. He attended the universities of Copenhagen, Leipzig, Wittenberg, Rostock, and Basel. He was originally in school to study philosophy and law. However, when at Copenhagen, he witnessed a predicted eclipse of the sun that took place on schedule. He was enthralled by something divine that men should know the motions of the stars so accurately that they were able a long time beforehand to predict their places and relative positions. This changed his interest from the law to astronomy. When he went to Leipzig, he was obsessed with astronomy. He his books and instruments from his tutor and stayed up each night observing the stars. When he was seventeen, he witnessed Jupiter and Saturn passing very close to one another. He checked the tables to see the prediction of when this event should have occured and saw that the Alfonsine tables were off by a month and the Copernican tables were off by several days. He decided that much better tables could be constructed by more accurate observation of the exact positions of planets over an extended period of time. Telescopes had not yet been invented, so the only way to measure the positions of the stares was to build large quadrants to get lines of sight on stars. It took twenty men to set up a large quadrant, which was part of a circle with a nineteen foot radius. It was graduated in sixtieths of a degree. This quadrant was the beginning of Brahes official observations. On ...

Placeholder Names

Placeholder Names Placeholder Names Placeholder Names By Mark Nichol A placeholder name is any one of several types of term used instead of forgotten, unknown, or irrelevant words. Such words perform various functions in several categories. For example, in social situations, words like buddy, dude, fellow (or fella), mac, and pal are colloquial stand-ins when addressing a person whose name is not known to the speaker. More formal variations are sir (for men), ma’am (for women), and miss (for younger women). Terms of endearment include baby, honey, dear, darling, and the like. Hon, short for honey, is also used in the American South as a casual term equivalent to buddy. Given names also fill this need. Jack, a nickname for John, for much of modern English history the most common male first name, was also employed in Jack Tar, identifying the common sailor. (The invented surname came about due to the ubiquity of the scent of tar among rank-and-file seamen.) John also became a slang euphemism for a prostitute’s client, because most men in this position wish to remain anonymous. Various hypothetical names serve in different social contexts: John Q. Public, originally used as a sample name on government forms, represents the typical American citizen; Joe Blow and Joe Sixpack are more colloquial versions implying an Everyman (that word itself is a placeholder name) with rudimentary sensibilities. George Spelvin is a name used by actors who for some reason do not want to reveal their names, or to disguise on a list of characters and the actors who portray them that a character does not appear in a play or is played by a person appearing in another role. The directorial equivalent is Alan Smithee, a name occasionally employed by a director who disowns a film because of studio interference in its production. Meanwhile, John Doe, Jane Roe, and the like are employed to stand in for plaintiffs in a legal case when the identity of the party is irrelevant or should be protected. Law enforcement agencies often use these types of terms as well, as when the perpetrator or the victim of a crime has not yet been identified. The geographical placeholder name Anytown, like John Q. Public, comes from sample versions of forms. Derogatory equivalents include Hicksville and Podunk for backward rural locations, and the name of the actual Illinois municipality of Peoria was also long frequently employed (and occasionally still is) to stand for communities populated by unsophisticated people who may not appreciate cultural offerings (â€Å"Will it play in Peoria?†); the real places Outer Mongolia or Timbuktu have been used to represent the ultimate in remote locales. The many number placeholders include â€Å"a ton,† buckets, heaps, oodles, and the like, or to represent smaller amounts, â€Å"a bit† or â€Å"a couple of† (or the slang variants â€Å"a couple-few† or â€Å"a couple-three†). Other words referring to large amounts include umpty and intensifiers of -illion such as zillion or kajillion. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Greek Words You Should Know20 Rules About Subject-Verb AgreementForming the Comparative of One-syllable Adjectives

Combined Forces Operation in WWII Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Combined Forces Operation in WWII - Essay Example To the Allies group were Brazil and China as well. On the other hand, the Axis was formed by Italy and Germany at the beginning of the war. Later, they saw the inclusion of eastern European states like Bulgaria and Romania as well as Japan. 62 million persons lost their lives in this confrontation between the Axis and the Allies according to the solar navigator website. Jet aircrafts, atomic weapons, radars, rockets, submarines, tanks and torpedo bombers are the examples of the inventions made during the WWII. Despite the estimated period mentioned on when the war started, many of historians have not reached into an agreement on the exact date of its initiation. However, the commonest of the dates used to signify the beginning of the war is 1939, when Germany attacked Poland triggering the French and British announcements of their entry to the war about two days afterwards. Various conflicts were reported from 1939 onwards until 1941 when the war was now a global affair. The war continued with various attacks being witnessed until 1944. 1944 was termed as ‘the beginning of the end.’ On 6th June of 1944 the Allies from the Western side attacked Normandy a German held warfront. The British 6th, USA’s 82nd and 101st and the paratroopers from Canada spearheaded this. Allies, however, suffered a big number of deaths. Artillery batteries of Germany pounded the beaches. Hedgerows helped the units of Germany by offering vantage points for the location of MG 42. Tankers had difficulties, though, due to the hedgerow lanes’ narrow causeways. They couldn’t rotate their turrets. Months afterwards, the Allies measured their progress in long yards as well as deadly rifle fights in Bocage. The forces of Germany were almost totally brought down in France while making a counter-attack. In the beginning of the year 1944, the Red Army, which was the Soviet military representation, was at the Polish border and as well lifted the siege of Leningrad. Come

Military Don't Ask, Don't Tell Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Military Don't Ask, Don't Tell Policy - Essay Example This policy is unfair and unethical because there is no proof that gays cannot serve well in the military. When we think about the issue of Don't Ask, Don't Tell, it becomes clear that this is not just a homosexual issue. Instead, it is an issue about discrimination against people who have served the military well. A Short History of Gays in the Military Gays have been recorded as being part of the military as far back as Plato and the Greeks. They understand the value of having gays in the military. Although Plato's time accepted gays in the military, there were problems as time went on with each war. As far back as the Crusades, gays were persecuted when they were found to have same-sex affairs during the 14th Century. In 1816, during the Napoleonic Wars more gays were persecuted, hanged and whipped if they were found to have same-sex affairs (Webley, 2010). By 1778, George Washington discharged a soldier from his military command and by 1916, the U.S. Military prohibited homosexua lity in the Articles of War. There were many ways to screen out gays from the military throughout the years, and by the Vietnam War, homosexuality was seen by some as a way to get out of military service, especially during this war which was difficult for everyone to understand. However, one man, Perry Watkins, was discharged from the military after 16 years of service because he was a homosexual in 1984; he sued the military and won the case in 1990 (Webley, 2010). This short history shows that gays and lesbians have been serving in the military for probably every war that has ever been fought, and there has always been a concentration on whether they should be open or closeted while they were serving. The Don't Ask, Don't Tell Policy In 1993, the Don't Ask, Don't Tell policy was enacted to stop people who were homosexual from talking about their lifestyle or from practicing homosexuality while in the military. The reason this was enacted was because the military believed that if i t were allowed, it would "create an unacceptable risk to the high standards of morale, good order and discipline, and unit cohesion which are the essence of military capability" (Burrelli, 2010, Summary). This was not a law, but rather a policy that was in place to make sure that service members did not talk about their sexual orientation and that they were not asked about it when they entered the service or as they continued. In other words, homosexual service members were to keep quiet about who they were and how they lived in order to serve next to heterosexual service members. In 2010, the act was repealed as unconstitutional and the military was ordered to stop enforcing it. It is the opinion of this researcher that this was the right thing to do because everyone should have the opportunity to serve in the military regardless of their sexual orientation. When this policy was put into place, thousands of military members had to leave the military based on their sexual orientatio n or live a lie in order to serve as those who were not homosexual served (Obama, 2011). In having this policy in place, it made many men and women have to hid who they were which made them feel isolated and afraid. President Obama acknowledged that this was another sacrifice that these men and women had to do that was not fair to them. The repeal of this policy will not happen quickly because the

Epistemology and Metaphysics Schools Paper Essay

Epistemology and Metaphysics Schools Paper - Essay Example On the other hand, empiricism is closely related but not identical as far as academic skepticism is concerned. Through the study, we find that skepticism is comprised of two pragmatic type involving philosophical skepticism and nomothetic science, which is also known as radical empiricism (Greco, 2011). Meanwhile, rationalism is commonly an epistemology discipline that attests knowledge at large. This is a role as well as a source of knowledge that works and articulates justification. However, rationalism is defined as a theory based on the criterion of truth that lacks sensory not but with intellectual deductive. Reality plays a bigger role in refraining rationalism in that it asserts intrinsic and logic structure hence claiming that truth exist and through this intellect can directly grasp these truths at hand. Basing on this fact, as far as the issue of belief is concerned, Rationalism has termed empiricism as one of the greatest rivals in argumentative perspective. It is out researchers understanding of how rationalism feels about the truth that we realize that the perception takes into account that the reason has precedence over other ways of acquiring knowledge and this uniqueness plays a vital role in pre-modern ways of understanding (Robertson, 2010). Moreover, empiricism is well known as a theory of knowledge that originates from sensory experience within the life of a human being. This is one of the philosophical articulations, which highlight experience norm based on the evidence tabled out as far as rationalism, idealism and historicism is concerned. However, empiricism is a philosophical science that works based on the emphasis. In regards to empiricism, knowledge is taken into consideration as a tentative and probabilistic subject that results into revision and falsification theorem (Rorty & Sellar, 1997). In addition, realism which is an extensive terms, plays a bigger role in stressing out the representation of reality

Business Communication Systems Evaluation

Business Communication Systems Evaluation Oriston Cunningham Managing Communications, Knowledge and Information Jiggs $ Riggs Super Stores Ltd Table of Content (Jump to) Executive Summary Introduction Discuss the Range of Decisions to Taken Examine the Information and Knowledge needed to ensure Effective Decision taking Assess internal and external sources of information and understanding Justify Recommendation for Improvement References Executive Summary Business Profile Sucker Business Consulting Ltd Has over thirty years of experience which head office is based in New Kingston the business hub of Jamaica with functional offices across the Caribbean. We pride ourselves with the successes of our client base of over 2,500 business; micro, small and medium sized businesses that invest in our trusted professional consulting expertise to put them on a growth path, increase operational efficiency and a sustainable, profitability and revenue trajectory. We are a business of diverse professionals expertise with a focus to eliminate the complexity of problems faced by our client business’ and simplify business solution that will enable them to operate in a diversely competitive business environment. Business Profile JIGGS $ RIGGS Super Stores Ltd JIGGS Super Stores Ltd is a family owned business enterprise that has three outlets located in the parishes of Kinston, Manchester and St. James of the island of Jamaica. Great grant father JIGGS as he was passionately called by his family and friends had started a sales business out his garage in Kingston where he sold clothes, shoes and home accessories to the surrounding communities. The business expanded to the extent where he began to drive around with a delivery van and drop off orders to his loyal customers, he later joined partnership with a returning resident passionately called Riggs hence the name JIGGS $ RIGGS Super Stores Ltd. The first location was on Trafalgar road Kingston, The business grew to the extent where they felt the need to care for other customers thus the two other locations in Manchester and St. James. Both men had died and the business passed on their grandchildren Byron and Simeon who are co-managers of JIGGS $ RIGGS Super Stores Ltd. The recent performances of all three stores have declined steadily for past three years. The young partners tried a number of measures to stabilize the business: cut head count, extend operating hours, Increase longer payment terms and even turn off the air conditioning during operation hours but still operating at a loss and fail to breakeven. The co-managers have called a meeting and finally decided to sell and our client Private Partners (a group of small investors). The current financial position of JIGGS $ RIGGS Super Stores Ltd is as follows. Financial situation of Jiggs $ Riggs Super Stores Ltd INDUSTRY STANDARD July 2014 July 2013 July 2012 July 2011 REVENUE $8400000 $2500000 $2600000 $2400000 COST OF SALES 40% ($3200000) ($1500000) ($1600000) ($1500000) GROSS PROFIT 60% $5200000 $1000000 $1000000 $900000 EXPENSES 30% ($2800000) ($2400000) ($2400000) ($2300000) NET PROFIT 30% $2400000 -$1400000 -$1400000 -$1400000 Introduction Research Background The business environment is regulated by laws which guide organizations and their operations. The ever changing business environment demands the growth and development of businesses due to continuous aggressive competition and changes in market trends, (Klein, 2013). The mergers, acquisitions and take-over of businesses increased due to the growth of medium sized companies in their current markets and expanding their reach to new customers adversely, micro business operators are discouraged due to low financial performance and access to the kind of cash injection that will boost their business outlook. Business acquisition may have some draw backs also advantages both for the investors acquiring the firm and also for the previous owner(s). There are several legal matters that must be addressed in order for mergers, acquisition, take-overs and investments to take place. The paper will focus on evaluating the existing communication systems, designing new communication strategies to inv olve all stakeholders to own and drive the new growth changes necessary to put the business on the path to growth. The repot will look at communication terms and how they can be used by all stakeholders in the business. Germaine to the background of the research questions given, the researcher will establish a consultancy firm and present a case study of a small business Jiggs $ Riggs Super Stores Ltd owned by co-managers Byron and Simeon who have obtained new investors. The main impacts of this study is that for future referencing the researcher will have developed the skills necessary for understanding the relevance of communication within the context of business and how to use it to drive change and the overall growth of the business. Aims and Objectives The aims and objectives of the research paper are as follows: Assess how communications, knowledge and information can be improved within the business including making better use of IT systems. Create strategies to increase personal networking to widen involvement in the decision-making processes in the business. You will develop the communication processes, and improve systems relating to information and knowledge. Assess how managers in the business can improve the planning of their communications processes as well as their communication skills and can make the information and knowledge they gain accessible to other parts of the organization Literature Review (Michael E.D. Koeing) Knowledge Management, (KM) is a concept and a term that arose approximately two decades ago, roughly in 1990. This suggests that on the eve of the twenty first century and the advent of communication technology, managing communication knowledge and information or simply put knowledge management was seen to be very critical to join the bridges and make the links for individuals and business. In the early period of the knowledge management discovery Davenport (1994) originate version of definition: â€Å"He sees information management as specialized skill set which is needed by organizations in the promotion and integrated approach to identify, capture, evaluate, retrieve, and disseminate its intellectual assets; such as databases, documents, policies, procedures, and previously un-captured capabilities of the organization. The definitions though similar in nature are showing information as that vehicle that will bring the message of the organization to internal stakeholders and external stakeholders and will in effect create the intended model for success. Knowledge management from an operational was created within consulting community hence the principles of knowledge management went viral by the consulting organizations to other disciplines. Consulting firms since realized the opportunistic use of the Intranet to create the linkage to narrow the geographically gap and provide a greater dispersion of a knowledge-based organizations. (Steve Denning) make the contrast in his article (What is Knowledge) between the east and west, the interchangeable use of information and knowledge and the cultural preference of intuitive knowledge and the rational knowledge. He made the point that knowledge is sticky though information maybe transferable to other persons. In his discussion, the West depicted to lean more to the rational type of knowledge that is more scientific in nature and disregard on a high scale intuitive knowledge, some may argue the intuitive knowledge is not knowledge at all seeing that it is more implicit and tacit thus the movement of knowledge from person to person has deemed to be difficult which bring into focus the greater importance of rational knowledge. Polanyi (1975), and Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995). Further discussion that seeks to strengthens the soundness of knowledge as to that of information Western analysts (Karl Erik Sveiby) seek to put his mark on the subject see â€Å"knowledge† as wholly tacit (i.e. as capacity in action), consenting to other discussion that explicit knowledge is mere information. The East conform to a more traditional purview to celebrate the importance of the intuitive, when compared with the rational. The Upanishads for speak about a higher knowledge and a lower knowledge, they classify lower knowledge to that of the various sciences. Methodology In the acquisition of information both the qualitative and quantitative research methods were employed in the research execution. Qualitative research according Parkinson and Drislane (2011) is defined as a â€Å"research method using methods such as participant observation or case studies which result in narrative or descriptive account of a setting or practice.†(Parkinson and Drislane, 2011). The qualitative methods that will be used include questionnaire and interviews. Qualitative research interprets data and analyses words and ideas. The second research method that will be used is the quantitative method which is defined as an approach that assesses numerical data which can be used to support qualitative research findings. Quantitative method will be achieved using calculations and statistics gathered through questionnaires and surveys that will be administered to the entity selected for this research. Additional data comes from primary research tools that will be utilized by the researcher includes interviews, questionnaires and observations and the secondary tools that will be used are journals, books, newsletters, newspaper and online articles and documents. The methods selected are most appropriate as they will allow the researcher through the combining of the quantitative and qualitative research to provide the readers with a higher degree of accuracy, easier representation of questionnaire and survey answers. The qualitative method is less costly and more flexible considering from a student researcher context. TASK: 1 Discuss the range of decisions to be taken The type and scope of information used in organizations are complex and vast in variation to the size of the organization and the type of market they are operating in. Information and knowledge needs are also specific to the different functional areas of the organization thus it is the fluid of every working communication system that result into the overall success of the whole. Davenport (1995) knowledge management is a process used to harness, transfer and make the effective use of knowledge. Things to take into consideration are how information is harness and used at the different levels of the organization and the knowledge required, the different systems of information, their relevance, efficiency and effectiveness to the organization. The primary and secondary sources of information Examine the information and knowledge needed to ensure effective decision taking Information is knowledge obtained from investigation, study or instruction. e.g. Intelligence, news and facts or raw data (http://www.merriam-webster.com). According to the tripartite theory; knowledge is information that is processed that is believed, justified and is true. For effective decision making in the organization that will form part of its going strategy in a competitive business environment that is ever changing. The knowledge obtained by the sources of the organization internal and external must be in line with the goals of the business and fit with its different levels, strategic, tactical and operational. Strategic information needs- are customer surveys, market research, and statutory accounts, economic and financial information which are used to make long term decisions and shape the business strategy with overall vision. Tactical information needs- market reach, market survey, producers and consumers price indices, business performance indices, budget reports, consumer complaints departmental reports. Operational information needs- product quality matrix, quality management reports, production outputs, workforce performance, machine and equipment management and performance, batch quantity, economic order quantity. Assess internal and external sources of information and understanding Internal sources of information the means of data collection and compilation from systems internal to the organization which are used to enhance the decision making process and fuse the different linkages that enable the organization to achieve its objectives. Internal information in Jiggs $ Riggs Super Stores Ltd. Are Financial information financial information on the three super stores profits and losses, revenues, cost of sales, rates and taxes, staff wages and salaries. The financial manager and use this information to manage the performance of the business and see that it is profitable. Personnel Information this is the compilation of information of personnel by the business that is made available to them when so requested. Information is used to monitor productivity performance, length of work life, remuneration, productivity rate, health reports, information on training and development. Marketing Information marketing team determine value added products and services and their performances, information is obtained from sales and the informal channel used for innovation and to promote product based on the going trends. Purchase Information information used by the purchasing team to procure raw materials, good, services, and other inputs required to run the business. This team also monitors costs and quality to ensure there is value for money. Administration Information makes the linkages with the business’ workforce on business overall performance, annual budgets and projections, structural changes, changes in market conditions, investment and make the link with external partners and build relationships. External sources of information are sources of information generated externally by agencies or individual researcher or consultant Justify recommendations for improvement In order to improve the communication situation at the business the new management will embark on a communication strategy that is geared to harness greater involvement of all employees and improve their empowerment in the decision making process and make them full aware of the business performance on a more frequent basis. Conduct monthly town hall meeting deliberating on business performance, projections and market conditions Train all employees on how to improve and own the systems of communication Provide regular feedback on employees recommendation and reward where necessary References Davenport, Thomas H. (1994), Saving ITs Soul: Human Centered Information Management. Harvard Business Review, March-April, 72 (2) pp. 119-131. Duhon, Bryant (1998), Its All in our Heads. Inform, September, 12 (8). Koenig, M.E.D. (1990) Information Services and Downstream Productivity. In Martha E. Williams (Ed.), Annual Review of Information Science and Technology: Volume 25, (pp. 55-56). New York, NY: Elseview Science Publishers for the American Society for Information Science Ponzi, L., Koenig, M.E.D. (2002). Knowledge Management: Another ManagementFad?, Information Research, 8(1). Retrieved from http://informationr.net/ir/8-1/paper145.html Stephen Denning, The Springboard: How Storytelling Ignites Action in Knowledge-Era Organizations. Boston, London, Butterworth Heinemann, October 2000. Nonaka, Ikujiro and Hirotaka Takeuchi. The Knowledge-Creating Company : How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation. New York : Oxford University Press, 1995. http://www.kmworld.com/Articles/Editorial/What-Is-/What-is-KM-Knowledge-Management-Explained-82405.aspx http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/information http://www.stevedenning.com/Knowledge-Management/what-is-knowledge.aspx http://www.theoryofknowledge.info/what-is-knowledge/the-tripartite-theory-of-knowledge/ http://www.contentedwriter.com/internal-sources-of-information/